“Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success.”
COMPUTER TYPESETTING:
Desktop publishing (DTP): the term desktop publishing often contracted to DTP and started to use recently, it is a comparatively new development in printing and publishing and owes its origins to earlier work in the fields of word processing and micro computing. The purpose of a desktop system is to originate, create, manipulate and publish complete documents. Its intention, as the name implies is to produce the work in a desktop or minimum multi-station methods used in conventional printing and publishing.
The term documents are usually pages or collections of pages in single leaves which make up the final document such as a report, manual, journal, and book. Publishing is intended to issue for public information, rather than the large scale dissemination and distribution of printed publications. In which may otherwise be understood. It must be emphasized that the production of one documents does not automatically assume the publications and distribution of several million identical documents.
The scope of desktop publishing in quite broad and may range from internal ‘house’ memoranda to complete journals or books. Illustration s may be included with the text and colour reproduction possible.
System components for DTP:
1. Hardware
a. Computer, apple macintosh and IBMPC
b. High-capacity scanner
c. Printer
d. Modem is internet
e. Digital camera
Processor: the processor is the heart of the system executing the instruction sent by the application.
Function: The processor is in constant communication with the memory.
Basic component of processor:
1. Register: which holds the operand for execution.
2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): where the processor perform arithmetic or logical operation.
3. Control unit (CU): it generates the various controlling and timing signal for the necessary execution of a particular operation.
4. RAM: the process data are immediately stored at RAM which is a volatile nature.
Storage memory: Four type of removable memory:
1. Magnetic: it is permanent memory. Its stored electric pulse of suitable polarity to magnetising coating a R/W is produce charge in magnetic field, like:- magnetic disc, hard disk, magnetic tape.
a. Magnetic disc: it stores data on its surface. The surface divided into sector. All track have same no. of sector and each sector store data same amount bytes and R/W head read the data.
b. Hard disc: the hard disc made of aluminum or other metal or alloy with a thin coating magnetic material (iron oxide). Its online storage and its store information or to give information.
c. Floppy disc: a floppy disc is made of Mylar coated with magnetic material. It is very thin and flexible plastic.
2. Optical media (CD-ROM): it disc made up of resin and coated with highly reflected is aluminum when the high-density layer beam is focused on it will coating material change two laser beam focusing on it. One is reading and other writing because the reading purpose laser beam high intensity so, use other beam is photodiode 25 mile watt from writing and 5 mile watt for read and when the laser beam focus on and laser change in reflected light so that photodiode receive light for convert light into electrical signal for reading. The high storing capacity like CD.
3. Magnetic optical disc: like DVD (erasable).
4. Semi-conductor: like USB flash drive.
Basic requirements of hardware and software: the requirements in terms of equipment (hardware) and programmes (software) can vary considerably, depending on the nature of the final type of document to be published. Factors to be taken into account will includes:
1. Total volume of work anticipated in say page per days.
2. Page sizes, number of pated and quantities to be published.
3. Time scale available from conception to publication.
4. Typographical style and quality requirements.
5. Graphics input: line or halftone, monochrome or colour.
6. Cost factor such as initial capital and eventual cost per page.
The basic items of hardware in a desktop system are:
1. A micro-computer with a disc drive.
2. A monitor in the form of a video display unit (VDU).
3. A keyboard with appropriate instruction for option control of the system.
4. A print out device, usually in the form of a laser printer.
In addition to above items, there are a number of ancillary of peripheral devices which may expand and the basic system.
Programs for desktop publishing: programs for desktop work fulfil the same function as per any other computer oriented system. These are stores sets of instruction which govern the operation of the computer and its related components. For simplicity, programs can be classified as primary and secondary software.
Primary software: primary software controls the general routine functions of the computer. This may be hold in the computers ‘memory’ as a permanent or semi-permanent program which may not be altered by the option. This is referred to as a read only memory (ROM) often contained in a compact disc (CD) in which case it may be referred to as a CD/ROM.
Secondary software: secondary software is employed special purposes related to the nature and level of the work to be undertaken. This may include special programs for word processing, pagination typographic instruction editing and correction graphics image manipulation and so on. There are a number of programs available from various suppliers under each heading and it is important to ensure first, that the program will undertake the function required compatible with other, related software and of course, the hardware with which it will employed.
SCANNING AND GRAPHIC INPUT
Digital camera: Two types of digital camera:
1. Digital camera: an electronic photosensitive sensor capture light that enters the digital camera, the saves the image date in memory card. The image store into memory as a bitmap image. The CCD is used to record image information.
a. The CCD has no. of elements photodiode which determine the resolution of a camera.
b. The scan the object by the scanning array CCD which record the image information as picture elements (pixel).
c. The no. of picture according available memory in the camera.
d. Array arranged in a rectangular box called pixel and linear array, an image is captured one row of pixels at a time whereas an area array captures an entire and any required three separate exposure to captured all color information.
e. With tri-linear array, which contain three linear arrays mounted side by side each array coated with a colored dye to act as a color filter (red, blue, green).
2. Scanning back on existing analog camera: a device that can capture photographic image and store them in digital form integrated circuit card. The scanning back is connected to standard film camera and replaces the film expose area. The camera takes the photo and scanning back convertor the image into electronic format.
a. Most digital photography is based upon charge couple device technology. A CCD is a solid-state device that consists of light-sensitive element in linear or area-array from row & column. Light fall on the element is convert into electronic signal and in turn, converted form and stored on a Ram chip, card or disk.
Scanner: Two types of scanner:
1. Flatbed: it is a device which used to scan the picture or photograph and upload in to the computer for editing.
Working of flatbed: the image is placed on the bed of gloss face down and is illuminated by florescent light from bottom. The incident light on heating the copy reflect or transmits and falls on to a light sensitive diode that form photo array called CCD. The CCD capture the image information and convert the light energy to electrical energy. The monochrome have single linear array and color have tri-linear array for RGB. The light moves across the original the scanner align of image date. The more pixel per inch (PPI). It has ability captured more resolution and more details image. A 8 bit scanner can detect 256 shades for black and white image only. The second part of scanning of a desktop scanner is the image data by the CCD from an RGB mode to CMYK mode.
2. Drum scanner: drum scan image data with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) placed (CCD). The original mounted on a cryclic cylinder, the scanner drum rotates high speed and optics light fall on the original and signal give (PMT). PMT split into separate R, G, B beam.
Editing: editing is the process of adding, changing or deleting information in a file. During editing, the composition can make corrections to information in a file as well as add and change typesetting commands in the file. Composition computers allow the operator to make changes to the original file by selecting, on the computer screen the word or words to be hanged deleting them and typing in new-copy. Mass systems use a cursor to select specific screen areas. A cursor is typically a blinking rectangle or short blinking rule that can be moved up, down, or across the screen with special cursor movement keys on the keyboard.
Copy editing: copy editing is assumed to include re-writing revising and polishing. These are jobs for a person of experience who can make decision sand set policy regarding a manuscript. Copy editing is also called copy preparation mean putting the accepted editorial material in shape for the printers by making it accurate as to facts, grammatical, consistency as to style, and correct spelling and punctuation and by marking it for type.
Page make-up: the device uses video display terminals to show type and graphics in their proper size and position, and to move the various components of an ad or page so that they match a layout. These machines allow you to “compose” on the VDT screen to trace graphics, change or specify copy dimensions, choose type styles, changes or repeat formats, draw rules as well as to set type. At the touch of a button, the operator stores the newly composed information on magnetic media or on tape, weather for storage in a computer or for phototypesetting. Current units are mostly standalone units, but more will be incorporated into computer system.
OCR unit: (electronic means of scanning) reading copy, and converting digitized files that can be saved on disc and edited as a text.
Optical characters reader (OCR): optical character readers (OCR) are devices which can read pre-printed text matter and convent the information into singles which can be recognized by the DTP microprocessor. The obvious advantage of OCR is the avoidance of rekeying information which has already been keyset.
Best result are obtained when the text has been set in a specially designed machine readable type however increasingly sophisticated readers are being developed which can read a wide range of typefaces and styles.
The scanned text is usually converted into signals conforming to the American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or an equivalent language. This information can then be used for viewing and editing on the monitor and either stored output to the print device.
DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP) software
DTP software is a tool for graphic designers and non-graphic designers to create visual communications for professional or desktop publishing printing as well as for online or on-screen electronic publishing.
1. Software:
a. Page layout: It software basically used for editing of text and page making up with a perfect scaling of the word phrases and placement of graphic.
1. Page maker (adobe page maker)
2. Quark express.
b. Word processing: it purpose for typing and used for justification, hyphenation spelling checking, editing configuration, configuration justification.
1. Microsoft word (MS-word)
2. Word star
c. Pixel based graphic editing software:-it used for photo and graphic editing as Photoshop and Corel photo paint. (Small square box (halftone).
1. Photoshop (adobe Photoshop)
2. Paint
3. Corel photo paint
4. Vector based illustration software: it used for designing graphical dimensions basically geometrical designing. It used for making logos and graphic design. It is also called line photography.
It writes true level to post script code which can be output on any post script image-setter.
It always give high resolution and easily editable without losing image quality.
Page layout software:-
1. Alignment software
2. Automatic threading
3. Color separation for printing plate.
4. Frames: rectangular and circular boxes.
5. Graphic cropping: removed unwanted portion.
6. Grid lines: display positioning of text and graphics.
7. Imposition: proper page sequence
8. Indexing: index and tables of contents.
9. Layer: provides the ability to stack text or graphics on top to one another.
10. Master page: automatic layout, pagination, header and footer and graphic element for multiple pages.
11. Object grouping: enables various text and graphic objects to be combined so they can be moved as a single object.
12. Page size wide variety
13. Printer’s mark: print crop and registration marks.
14. Spacing
15. Spell checking
16. Style:- typographical and layout
17. Text curving: give angle.
18. Typography: different type, typeface, color and dropped capital.
Quark express:
Quark express suitable in the Mac and windows is still a power house publishing platform despite strong competition from adobe. It multi-language support.
Word processing software:
1. Editing features: any types of correction (inserted, deletions, modifications).
2. Permanent storage:
3. Formatting features: any style (bold, italic, underline).
4. Graphic: insert drawing and clipart.
5. Object linking and embedding (OLE): you can use to share information through object like charts, equation, video clips, audio clips, pictures.
6. Spell check
7. Mail merge: sent to invitees.
8. Facility of cut , copy, and paste
9. Search and replace text.
10. Justification and indentation.
11. Pagination: after breaking the page new page start.
12. Importing & exporting text.
Pixel based software:
Object should not be changed should not be edited ultimately the quality of picture.
If image is rotate or skilled it needs to recreate every pixel in an image always some loss of information.
The change of size in a large extent is not desirable.
Pixel based graphics are at the fixed resolution and cannot print at high resolution.
Pixel based files that have a high enough resolution to produce printable quality are measures in MB.
1. Starting a new page: new page dialog box allows the users to indicate the image size, resolution and color mode and set margin.
2. Tool box: it used to draw, paint, erase four type of tools-
3. Selection
a. Painting
b. Viewing
c. Specialized
4. Working on menu:
a. File menu: open, close, save, export, print.
b. Edit: cut, copy, paste, undo
c. Image: choosing a color mode, changing image size, rotation.
d. Filter menu: bring dozens of physical change to an image.
5. Working with layer: this tool allows the user to combine image and create collages by working on one part of an image at a time.
6. Merging layer:
7. Selection tool: select a specific piece of a picture, any of the selection tool-marquee, lasso or magic wand.
8. Cutting, copy, and cropping.
9. Image scanning: user scanner.
10. Digital printing: picker tool.
Two available color foreground and background fill by brush /pencil tool.
11. Image alternation: image tuned into an imitation of an oil printing, water color, drawing and filters used for special effect.
12. Masking: option enable the user to apply changes to an image selectively, prospecting part of the image that he does not want to change.
13. Adding type: type image in pixel form in Photoshop. They can be give special effect.
14. Save file: JPEG, TIFF and EPS.
Vector based software
Object are infinitely editable.
It not loss of detail.
Increasing and decreasing size to any degree with high quality.
Object are highest resolution print. It to be printed at any PS printer at the high resolution.
Object create small files in KB.
1. Create an object: separate element is called object. An object’s edge is called path. Some corel draw tools create closed path object, closed path can be filled with color.
2. Modify an object: first be selected and job according handling.
3. Fill an object: uniformly filled with a spot or process color.
4. Special effect: blends create a no. of intermediate object, the user add the illustration of distances depth, shadow effect and power clip is used to place one object to inside another.
5. Handling text: outline and registration text can be converted to curve.
6. Change view: zoom and full screen preview for easy change to make editing drawing.
7. Place object: in dialog box this option give and it used for guidelines, grid lines, alignment, rules.
8. Import & export:
9. Print document: printer user
Design process and guidelines:
1. Make a thumbnail sketch.
2. Apply the design rules.
3. Check the check on screen.
4. Send font file with print document.
5. Print a draft and proofread it.
6. Print the document.
Users of desktop publishing system DTP system can be used by an individual like journal and artist. He is make manuscript in PC.
Magazine editors: typeset quality pages showing the layout, graphics. Corporate or business house can produce brochures, direct mail.
Font: digital font store the image of each character either as a bitmap font and mathematical description of lines and curves in an outline font, also called a vector font. When an outline font is used, pixel based software vector instruction decide which pixel should be black and which one white.
Three basic type of font used:-
1. True font: it include display and output information in a single file and it based on quadratic curve and it converted before output into PS font. It is bitmap font.
2. PS font: it used are scalable outlines and used in illustration software.
It has two component = screen and printer font.
3. Open type: platform- independent font. Computer font.
Image assembly: it is required to make all the components of a design suitable for printing.
Artwork: photographs, sketches, types are the raw material for preparing artwork. The first step for preparing the artwork or original for printing is the integration of words and picture.
Artwork can be prepared three main method:-
1. Line
2. Halftone and
3. Page planning.
Page planning: the success printing for carefully planning of the pre-press work.
Image integration: all pictures are scanned with the help of scanner and it file save as TIFF format. Touch-up of image for dust and scratch removal, color corrections, effects is done using software like Photoshop. It file save TIFF. This is because Photoshop file (PSD) work on layers and can be edited easily layer and layer. The layer of the image are merged and no alternation is possible after that line art create in illustration, Corel draw.
Conversion of image: two types of image are processed in digital page planning- vector and bitmap. These are easily handled but problem are encountered bitmap image convert to vector and vector image covert bitmap image.
The vector image are resolution sharpness and enlarged. When the vector image convert into bitmap, the image losses all clarity than vector image, before convert vector image into bitmap, it is mandatory to specify the output resolution of the bitmap as per the size in which the output is required.
Tracing is the most popular method for conversion of bitmap to vector image. The tracing application to detect boundaries between color and boundaries shapes defined mathematically. Tracing define edge vector image such as scanned logos, graphics shapes, and bitmap image such as scanned photographs, which have gradual change of color, cannot be converted to vector image.
Once all the graphic element are ready to be placed on page, like image, text and set the full page according original.
Linking image: linking image is a useful technique to handle large bitmap image Page-maker and illustrator.
Imposition: the arranged page sequence according of the folding for binding.
Crop marks: used cutting properly.
Registration marks: for perfect registration.
Folding marks: for folding.
Give dimension for proper checking.
Printing: Output is data that has been processed into a used form, called information. An output devices is any hardware component that can display information to a user. The main and most common output devices in a computer system are the printer and the V.D.U.
Printer: a printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. Printed information is often called hardcopy because the information exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that presented on a VDU (monitor). Printers can be grouped into impact and non-impact printers.
An impact printers: forms characters and graphics on a pieces of paper by striking a mechanism against an ink ribbon that physically contact the paper.
A non-impact printers without actually striking the papers.
The following types of printers will be considered in more detail.
1. Impact: daisy wheel printer, dot matrix printer, line printer.
2. Non-impact: ink-jet printer, laser printer, plotter.
a. Daisy wheel printer: it is impact printer that uses a wheel as a print head. As the wheel rotates, a hammer strikes the backside of the spoke and presses it against the paper to print a character.
Advantage: can print letter quality character.
Disadvantage: printing speed is very slow, cannot print graphics.
b. Dot matrix printer: it is impact printer that produces printed images with a print head striking mechanism. Most dot matrix printers use continuous-form paper. A higher number of pins on the print head means more dots are printed, which result in higher print quality lie. A 24-pin printer has better print quality than a 9- pin.
Note that the final image is fuggy and not cleanly formed because the cloth ribbon and the paper texture cause the ink to smear, and also because of slight Mis-alignment of the pins.
It measured by the number of characters per second (CPS).
Advantage:
1. It can print multipart forms.
2. It can withstand dusty environment, vibrations and extreme temperature.
Disadvantage:
1. It are generally noisy.
2. It not good than ink-jet and laser printer.
c. Line printer: it is high speed impact printer that prints an entire line at a time, the speed of a line printer is measured by the number of lines per minutes (IPM). Line printers are often used with mainframes, minicomputers, or with a network in applications such as manufacturing, distribution, or shipping.
d. Ink-jet printer: it is non-impact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers can produce letter-quality text and graphics in both black and white and colors. It measure in dots per inch (DPI). The speed is measured in lines per minutes (LPM).
1. It are generally quiet.
2. It can produce high quality color output.
1. It are required to produce high quality color output.
2. The ink cartridges and specialized papers are expensive.
3. The ink may smear when printed on ordinary paper.
e. Laser printer: laser printer works is similar to a photocopier. It also known as page printers. A laser beam is a concentrated beam of light (fine ray). The beam can be made so small that is capable of micro-scoping precision. The main features of laser light source is that, it can be controlled by digitized information send from a computer. A laser printer employs six basic steps of charging, exposer, development, transfer, fixing and cleaning.
Charging: the image carrier is a photoconductive surface like selenium coated drum, zinc oxide, cadmium sulphide. The photoconductive material should be capable or retain electric charge in darkness. The photoconductive material is charged electrostatically through coronas discharged.
Exposure: the exposure unit receive digitized character or graphic information from a computer. Based on the information, the image generation unit cause the laser light beam to pulsate on exposure the required dot matrix image so formed on to the photoconductive drum.
Development: toner is applied to the drum during development. To toner is capable of receiving an electrical charge because it is electric attraction which transfer the toner to the photoconductor and final printing paper surface. Resin is needed to make the toner adhere to paper after transfer. Toner is oppositely charged with that of drum and ding to the drum only to charged image area.
Transfer: during transfer a piece of paper is passed close to the drum. The paper is give a charge of the same type as the drum. But, the charge placed on the paper is stronger than charged placed on the drum. The stronger charged on paper attract the toner from the drum to the paper, transferring the toner image.
Fixing: the toner must be fixed so that it will adhere permanently to the paper. Toner are heat set and offix by passing the paper under heat lamp of heat roller that cause toner to melt and combined with the paper through absorption.
Cleaning: the last essential steps is cleaning the photo-conductor. If the photo-conductor were not perfectly clean between each image printed, small toner particles could remain on the photoconductor surface which would be transfer to the next sheet printer.
1. It are generally quiet and fast.
2. It cost per page of toner cartridges is lower than other printers.
1. Laser printers is high cost.
f. Plotter: it that generates high-quality documents by moving ink pens over the surface of a page. It useful to engineers and architects, as they produce high-quality blue prints, maps and floor plans. It two basic types of plotters are (1) pens plotter, (2) x-y plotters.
1. Can print on large printers.
2. High quality printing.
Selection the appropriate printer:
1. Cost
2. Speed
3. Print quality
4. Ability to print graphics.
5. Ability to produce text and graphics in color.
6. Ability to produce multiple copies.
IMPOSITION AND PLANNING:
Imposition and setting margin:
Imposition: Imposition is the process set of pages sequencly for made a section.
Method of working:
1. Half sheet work: in this methods all the pages are imposed in one side of the sheet are contained in one half and those of the other side in other half of the form. Both the sides of the paper are printed form the same form and when cut into half, each sheet producing two complete copies of the job. Also called ‘work and turn’. The sheet are tuned along the longer edge for backing.
2. Sheet work: two different forms are require for printing on each side of the paper. Two side made ‘inner side’ and ‘outer side’ after folded made one complete copy.
3. Work and tumble: all the pages of the scheme are imposed in one forme and both the side of the paper are printed from it. The sheet are turn along the shorter side for registration with same form with contain two complete copies.
4. Work and twist: the same side of the paper is printed twice from the same forme. The sheet twisted around 180 angle. The first print horizontally contain in one half and vertical rules of the pages are contained in other half.
5. Printed first and third: like practical file 1 and 3 page print and 2 and 4 page are print.
Terminology:-
1. Oblong page: composing done along the longer edge. (Portrait).
2. Upright: composing along shorter edge (landscape).
3. Section: the printed and folded sheets of paper ready for sewing is called section.
4. Signature: the small alphabet which are printed in single at the left hand bottom corner of the first page of each section are called signature.
5. Inset: the sheet insert in another section.
6. Outset: wrapped around other section.
7. Perfecting: both side registration equal.
8. Recto: right hand page in the facing page of an opened book.
9. Verso: left hand page faced when an opened book.
10. Margin: white area around a printed page.
a. Back margin 1 ½.
b. Fore-edge margin 1.
c. Head margin 2.
d. Tail margin 2 ½.
11. Gutter margin: white space between pages.
12. Cut-flush illustration: bleeding (no margin).
13. Collating marks: the mark found at back edge of the section for proper gathering.
PAGE ASSEMBLING AND PRINTING:
Hot and cold page make up: Page design according original for printing.
Tips for page-make up
1. Know size of the page.
2. The size, name type use for setting chapter no., headings.
3. The style and layout used for page.
4. Sink, allow for first page of each chapter, and space between Paragraphs.
5. The size and type drop letter used.
6. The style in which the image adjusted.
a. Make up of pamphlets and folders: it printed more than one color. The headline proper position.
b. Make up of book work: single color print and start fresh page and last page leave the blank page. It has running head and folio no. either at the top and bottom of the page. A give footnotes and right space for sink and made up in two or three column depend upon the size of book.
c. Make up of journals and magazines: it same book work but only different bigger in size, contain more illustration and more-wider than width of the columns nor larger than the depth of the page give correct imposition.
d. Make up of catalogues: normally multi-color printing with large no. of illustration and illustration are arranged place and also text matter different position. The halftone black are sometimes on mounts of different shape and size of the text near to illustration as possible. It set vary accurate for proper registration.
e. Make up of newspaper pages:- it is very quick and accuracy done and assistant editor give instruction to the make-up man for trial method and all decisions regarding headlines, sizes and make up man is assemble, design, headlines, dimensions, multiple column headings.
Horizontal make up: column set in horizontal and vertically.
1. Circus make up: the different item are arranged quite near to each other place.
2. Quadrant make up: it divided into four part and the item are displayed in all the four part treating each as a separate unit.
3. Razzle-dazzle make up: most important some of item given on the Front page.
Cold page make-up: it is prepared for making offset plate.
Montage: it planning or making a group of pages ready for preparing an offset plate.