“Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success.”
Pre-Press Technology
UNIT -1
Computers and IT is spreading rapidly all over the world and revolutionized business as well as the personal activities of human beings. Either good or bad, computers have infiltrated every aspect of our society. Today`s computers not only compute for which it was but do much more. It works in every field or profession. As computers adopt in commerce and governments new ways to harness their potential developed. So, a small unit becomes more powerful, it is linked together or networked, to share software, memory space, and any kind of data for communicating with society.
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data and instructions, processes the data and produces the desired output. It can be said as data processing machine or a problem-solving machine that accepts data, stores data, processes data and display results. Computers are ahead to human beings for speed, accuracy, memory and diligence but cannot beat the human brains, they are not intelligent.
Computers can perform a variety of tasks. They are used for programming, graphics presentation, data management, word-processing, spreadsheets, communications and much more. The ability of computers to do all tasks i.e., processing is built around the two operations of computers – arithmetic operations and logical operations. Functions of computers have been done by software (a set of instructions written by human brains to computers for processing). Software directs all the processing sequence to the computer and allows it to perform specific tasks. So basic operations perform by any computer are:
1. Input function
2. Storage function
3. Processing function
4. Output function
5. Control function
1.5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
A computer is such an electronic machine, which is present in this world since long. Now we can say that computers passed many generations. Firstly, people know it only as a fast- counting tool. But over the time, computer is characterized by major technological changes or development. The characterized technological developments of computer fundamentally changed the working of computers i.e., the way it operates, stores, processes, and results. Then resulting it to increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, reliable and more efficient as well as multi-tasking device. These technological development (which are categorical) are recognized as progression of generations with specific changes. So, now we learn about different generations of computers with progressive changes.
1. ZEROTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Zeroth generation of computers can be marked by the invention of first mechanical device Pascaline in 1642. Next in 1822, Charles Babbage, developed Difference Engine for naval navigation. Further in 1834, Babbage attempted to build Analytical Engine, which was considered as first computer. So, Charles Babbage called as father of computers, his computer had memory unit, computation unit, input unit (punched card reader) and output unit (punched output printer), all basic parts of modern computers.
2. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
First generation of computers (1946-1959) was marked with the invention of Vacuum Tubes for circuits and magnetic drums for memory. These computers were very large in size because of the massive number of vacuum tubes required. They consumed too much power and generated too much heat. These systems were very slow with poor reliability and low accuracy. First generation computers were based on machine language for performing operations and using punch cards and paper tapes. They were very expensive also. Examples of these systems are UNIVAC, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC etc.
3. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
Transistors marked the second generation of computers (1954-1964). Transistors were the breakthrough in the technology of second generation, that make computers small in size and more powerful. The use of transistors made second generation computers less expensive and more reliable, even faster also. Second generation computers moved from machine language to assembly language. They used magnetic core for memory, card readers for input and printers for output. Although, they required less electricity and emitted less heat than earlier computers, but also had many disadvantages. These systems had limited storage capacity, need regular maintenance but much better from first generation. Examples are UNIVAC III, IBM series, HONEYWELL series etc.
4. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
Third generation of computers (1965-1980) was marked with the use of Integrated Circuits (IC`s), a progressive change in technology. This technology was more reliable, more efficient than previous generations. IC`s were more compact than transistors, which reduced the size of computers and generated less heat with less consumption of power.
These systems were introduced with operating systems and the concept of computer families. Third generation computers were with secondary storage devices outside the systems. These systems were enabled with faster input/output devices like keyboard and monitor for enhancing the ability. Concept of multiprogramming also introduced and using high level language for programming.
This generation of computers was introduced with some disadvantages like less storage capacity, slow performance as expected. Examples are IBM 360, CRAY-1, PDP-8 SERIES, UNIVAV-1100, 9000 series etc.
5. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Fourth generation of computers (1981-1995) was the marked generation of Large- Scale Integration (LSI) of chips with several thousand transistors and microprocessors. And further this was followed by Intel series of Microprocessors. This was introduced with very large - scale integration (VLSI) technology for the development of popular personal computers (PCs), also called as Microcomputers. These Microcomputers were introduced for home and business users to adapt computers as part of their working by using word processing, spreadsheet, file handling, graphics, animation and much more. For those purposes, the input/output devices used in fourth generation are very much advanced like graphic tool, animation tools, audio terminals, optical devices etc.
Most importantly, fourth generation introduced with graphical user interface (GUI) and mouse optical devices with very large storage capacity. These systems had very high speed, high level of accuracy and reliability, also diligent and versatile with small size. Examples are CRAY-2, IBM PC/AT, INTEL 386 SERIES etc., but systems were not intelligent.
6. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Fifth generation of computers (1995-till date) are enabled with intelligence. Artificial intelligence is the main part of today`s systems working with `Knowledge Processors` (which can find the solution of problem itself). They are using IC`s with ULSI (ultra -Large -Scale Integration) technology and applications with intelligent software. These systems are more efficient and capable to understand the problem of user, based on intelligent programming and knowledge-based problem-solving techniques. These system performing tasks according to the user intelligently with a specialised technique of AI called as parallel processing. Next goal of this generation is to understand natural language processing and development of such intelligent devices which are capable enough to learn and self - organized.
All this is possible with the help of Internet and Mobile computing, which is again a great achievement of this generation. This era is developing continuously with much more technologies day by day and enabling the world with well performing applications and great devices. That is done only through great human brain, so `Human Brain` is powerful organ, which is business oriented. Examples are all AI based application or Robots etc.
7. ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
We have been using and talking about Information Technology, is not an element or a single device. Information Technology is the collection, storage, processing, dissemination, and use of information. It is not only confined to the information, instead a collection of many elements of technology as: Hardware, (Memory units, Storage Units, Processing Units) Software, and Data for processing. But all these elements have to be organized in such a way that each element works smoothly and efficiently. During the computing process, computer integrates all these elements. Thus, computing process includes all elements to accomplish any activity or performing task. All are named and explained as: hardware, software, data, telecommunications, and people.
a. HARDWARE
The term `Hardware` means the physical parts of the computer, which we can touch. It consists of interconnected electronic devices that controls the system.
Hardware can be further subdivided into:
1. PROCESSING UNIT Processing unit is processor, that transforms data into information with the help of memory. Processor act like a brain of the computer, it organizes and process all the instructions given to the system by user. This device is also called as Central Processing Unit (CPU), which involves computations and decision making. It also responsible for controlling all the devices connected. CPU comprises of three parts: control unit, arithmetic unit and logical unit, all work with the help of CPU memory called registers. CPU works at a very fast pace of sequence i.e., collecting data, transforming data, then generating output; at the rate of one computational cycle at a time. There are many types of processors present in the market for systems based on the working of the CPU.
2. MEMORY UNITS
The memory of computer is storage medium to store data electronically. It holds the data from CPU and other components of the computer for carrying out its operations. Every computer has certain amount of physical memory (storage space), usually referred as main memory / primary memory. It is a semiconductor device that is built using integrated circuits. Primary memory is internal storage of the computer, where programs and their data stored. This memory provides temporary storage during execution of the program, so also called as volatile memory, but its access is very fast. Some part of the primary memory also contains permanently storestored instructions that tell the computer what to do, when it is switched on.
Main memory can be divided into two parts as Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). RAM is that part of main memory where data and instruction held temporarily while being executed. It allows user to enter data into the memory and retrieve (read & write) with continuous power supply. On the other hand, ROM is a part of computer storage that cannot be erased or changed (non-volatile) i.e., its contents are not lost without power supply. The data can be read only, cannot be write into it. ROM is necessary for the system, which tells or stores booting program to start the computer. This part of the memory is not for application software, only boots the operating system which cannot be changed due to any failure.
3. STORAGE UNITS
Information needs to be stored on the system with the help of different types of storage media. Storage devices are used to store data permanently or semi-permanently. The data is stored in binary form in memory by storage media. The storage media are distinguished by their relative capacity, speed, and resilience to failure. Broadly, it can be of two types: volatile storage and non-volatile storage.
Volatile storage devices need continuous power supply, content will lose if power supply switched off. Access to volatile storage is very fast because of technology used and access method. Examples are main memory, cache memory etc. we have already learnt about primary memory/ main memory or volatile storage in previous section.
Non-volatile storage devices do not need continuous power supply, content will be retained after power supply switched off. The technology used for and access method to non-volatile storage makes them slower than volatile storage. Examples are magnetic storage (disks or tapes), etc. So, further we will learn about secondary storage to store data permanently.
Secondary storage is non-volatile providing permanent data storage supplements main memory, having much greater capacity than main memory. It is less expensive but slower access than main memory, stores large amount of data permanently. Secondary storage used for keeping backups or archival storage of data. Various technologies are used for access of secondary storage, some provide random access, and others provide sequential access. These technologies effect on speed of data retrieval from then amount of data stored effect on the performance of the storage device. For example, if device having sequential access and it is storing large amount of data then its data retrieval speed will be slow.
4. INPUT & OUTPUT UNITS
For the purpose of communication with the computer and user, medium is required. The collection of devices for input and output of data is called as input/output units. The input is given to the computer through input devices and the display of processed data for the user is provided through the output devices. These devices are controlled by the CPU. Basically, these devices are designed for human beings to interact with computer system in seamless manner. These are links between man and machine, depends on the processing requirement.
INPUT DEVICES
The input device is an interface between the user and the machine, for inputting the data and instructions and transformed into machine readable form. Data can be input in many forms such as audio, video, text, graphics, etc. Some common input devices are:
OUTPUT DEVICES
The output device is an interface between the machine and user, that accepts data from the machine and transform into readable format for the humans. The output generated by the computer can be transferred to the user by several devices and media. The output also can be in many forms such as audio, video, text, graphics etc. Some common output devices are:
2. SOFTWARE
The term `software` means which we cannot touch. Software is interface between computer hardware and users. In the last two decades, there is a great development in the field of software. The computer hardware cannot perform any activity without any instructions; these instructions are given by Software. The software is the set of instructions that hardware units follow to work done. The process of writing the instructions is called the programming, in order to communicate for solving problems. There are many types of software available for almost every type of need. The software available from stores on internet, open source, or paid software. The different types of software are available but broadly classified into two categories: system software and application software.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The system software directly interacts with the computer hardware and manages all the hardware components as well as supervises the execution of all applications running on the computer system. It also controls the saving and retrieval of data from the secondary storage devices. Operating system and language translator, utilities are main examples of it.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software enables the computer to solve the specific data processing task. Application software creates a communication bridge between user, system software and computer hardware to perform specific task. Nowadays, numbers of application software and packages have been developed to make life easier. These are easy to learn and use, although they perform many general and specific functions. However, there may be much kind of situations, where specific types of application software are not available which can be design are called as custom application software. The most important categories or types of packages available are:
3. DATA
Data is the basic element of information technology for the business organisations. The modern business runs on data. Business organisations keep their data with the data centres. Data centres is physical place where computer servers, networking, data storage, backup facility, environmental controls etc.
Data is a stream of raw facts, a collection of unprocessed items such as text, pictures, audio, graphics etc. Today organisations are accumulating vast and growing amount of data in different formats and different databases. This mainly includes:
Data should be processed before usage; data processing typically is manipulation of data to get information. Data processing activities includes collection of data, conversion or transforming, manipulation or computation, then storage and communication of information.
These activities can be grouped into functional categories, viz., data input, data processing, data output, and storage, is called as data-processing cycle. In other words, data processing is re-structuring or re-ordering of data to increase their usefulness and add values for particular purpose. A data warehouse contains all of the data in whatever form that an organization needs. Databases and data warehouses have assumed even greater importance in information systems with the emergence of “big data,” a term for the truly massive amounts of data that can be collected and analysed.
TEXT PROCESSING SOFTWARE – AN INTRODUCTION
Text processing is the process of analysing and sorting of textual data into valuable information. Text editing and word processing are two important features of automated information. To work with these two features, text editor and word processor are combined software. Text editor provides the ability to add, delete, update, remove etc. with text and word processor helps in formatting the text or document. It also works with colors, special symbols, shapes, graphics etc.; editing, printing, and saving.
After a long period, the typewriter has gone and rewarded with computer systems with text processing software i.e., word processors. Nowadays, word processing is the most common and popular application software. There are so many word processors available in the market and allow users to work through a document with its principle activities. Text processing has many steps or set of activities as described below:
1. Creation of document
The creation of document includes making of new file, entering text into it, inserting of different templates, shapes, symbols and different types of graphs etc.
2. Editing of document
The editing of document is act of making alterations in the content of the document. This act includes insert, delete, reviewing, find & replace, cut/copy /paste, spelling check, and much more.
3. Formatting of document
For the document, formatting means developing, updating and altering the appearance of a document. Formatting of document has been done manually, but word processing software provides different tools and techniques.
4. Output of document
Word processing software provides various types of output such as printing option, projecting the document with the help of projector; document can be scan with the scanner, creating of web document and in last but not least is the saving of document is necessary first.
AN INTRODUCTION TO SPREAD SHEET The spread-sheet was created in 1978, for the financial purpose in the form of tables. The spread-sheet allows users to enter data and formulas into rows and columns arranged as a grid on a display screen. The electronic spread-sheet is most popular for the enterprises and business organizations. Spread-sheets are commonly used for maintaining student grade cards, tracking investments, creating and tracking budgets, calculating loan payments, estimating project costs, and creating other types of financial reports and much more. This is an application which is used to manipulate the data especially arithmetic data. Spread-sheets are more collaborative than other tools of this kink. It's easy to manipulate, analyse and organise the data. It can be integrated with certain other tools. Spread-sheets are quick and easy to add into a workflow.
Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, spread-sheets also provides built-in functions. Spread-sheet also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text. Nowadays, spread- sheet software have multiple interacting sheets and can display data either as text and numerals or in graphical form. It also provides powerful data optimization and management solutions that can be integrated throughout accounting, marketing, and development teams, just to name a few.
Features of Spread-sheet
a. Data Management
b. Rows & Columns
c. Formulas & Functions
d. Data filtering & visualization
e. Cell definition
f. Custom formatting
Advantages of Spread-Sheet
Spread-sheet is quite popular among the organisations all over the world due to:
Dis-Advantages of Spread-Sheet
Apart from advantages spread-sheet also holding the disadvantages as:
Uses of Spreadsheet
As spread sheets are most popular all over the world, and apart from many disadvantages everyone is using. So, its important and basic uses are as follows:
Best Examples of Spreadsheet
SPREAD SHEET – APPLICATIONS
There are a number of features and applications that are available in Excel to make your task easier. It has total nine menus to work with excel. We start from the initial point of creation.
1. Main Working Steps of Spread-Sheet
a. Create worksheet: Choose File New from the menu bar, The New Workbook task pane opens on the right side of the screen. Choose Blank Workbook under the New category heading. A blank workbook opens in the Excel window. The New Workbook task pane is closed
b. Saving worksheet: Choose File Save As from the menu bar. The Save As dialog box appears. Click the Save. In: drop-down menu and locate where the file will be saved. Type a name for your file in the File Name: box. Click the Save button.
c. Closing worksheet: Choose File Close from the menu bar. The workbook in the Excel window is closed.
d. Editing worksheet: editing of excel sheet includes many features as deleting any entry, replacing, copying, moving of data, etc.
e. Printing of Worksheet
2. Formulas & Functions in Spread-sheet
Spread-sheet is consisting of many types of formulas & functions (set of pre-written formulas), and it is very difficult to discuss all formulas and their working in single chapter. So, this lesson will consider few of them.
DATABASE FUNCTIONS IN SPREAD SHEET
Database functions in spread-sheet are very much popular in the world. Database Function is a routine function, which accepts parameters and performs an action and returns the value. Depending on the Function, the return value can be either a single value or a result set. The Excel Database Functions are designed to help you to work within a database (i.e. a large number of organized data records), stored in Excel.
The database functions are for basic calculations, such as sum, average, count, etc., as well as for criteria arguments, that allows performing the calculation for a specified subset of the records in the database. Other records in the database are ignored.
4.8.1 Types of functions in Spreadsheet
a. SUM: SUM function adds set of numbers and returns the sum of these values. The syntax of the function is: SUM (number1, [number2], ...)
b. PRODUCT- PRODUCT function returns the product of a set of numerical values. The syntax of the function is: PRODUCT (number1, [number2], ...
c. POWER- Power function calculates a given number, raised to a supplied power. The syntax of the function is: POWER (number, power)
d. SQRT- Sqrt function calculates the positive square root of a number. The syntax of the function is: SQRT (number)
e. ABS- ABS function returns the absolute value of a number. The syntax of the function is: ABS (number)
f. MOD- MOD function returns the remainder of a division between two Numbers. The format of the Syntax is: MOD (number, divisor)
g. ROUND- Round function rounds a number up or down, to a specified number of decimal places. In other word, this function removes decimals rounding up the last decimal if the next one is 5 or over. The syntax of function is: ROUND (number)
h. LOWER FUNCTION - LOWER function converts all alphabets in the string to lowercase. If there are characters in the string that are not letters, they are unaffected by this function. Syntax- LOWER (Text)
i. LEN FUNCTION- LEN function returns the length of text string. Syntax-LEN (text)
j. CONCATENATE FUNCTION- CONCATENATE function joins together a series of text strings or other values, into one combined text string. Syntax- Concatenate (text1, [text2], …)
k. TODAY Function- TODAY function returns the current date from the computers system clock. Syntax- =TODAY ()
l. NOW Function- NOW function returns the current date and time. The NOW function is only updated when the spreadsheet is calculated. Syntax - =NOW ()
m. DATE Function- DATE function returns the sequential serial number for the date and formats the result as a date. The DATE function is most useful when the year, month and day arguments are formulas. Syntax- =DATE (year, month, day)
n. MAX Function- MAX function returns the largest value from a set of numeric values. Syntax- =MAX (number1, [number2] ...)
o. MIN Function- MIN function returns the smallest value from a set of numeric values. Syntax- =MIN (number1, [number2] ...)
p. AVERAGE Function- AVERAGE function returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers provided. Syntax- = AVERAGE (number1, [number2] ...)
q. COUNT Function- Count function returns the count of numeric values in a set of cells or values. This count includes both numbers and dates. Syntax- =COUNT (value1, [value2] ...)
r. COUNTIF Function- The COUNTIF function counts the number of values in a range that meet specific criteria. Syntax- =COUNTIF (range, criteria)
GRAPHICS IN SPREAD SHEET
Graphical representation of data is an effective visual and impressive tool to represent information quickly and easily. Graphs and charts are commonly used by print and electronic media for the clarity. Sometimes, data can be better understood when presented by a graph than by a table because the graph can reveal a trend or comparison. Spread-sheet is presenting the data with the help of Graphs and charts, to create visualizations of data sets. By highlighting a set of data within spread-sheet and feeding it into the charting tool, users can create various types of charts in which the data is displayed in a graphical way.
4.9.1 Advantages of Graphical Representation
Through graphs, the data is more presentable and easier to understand as well as draw certain inferences or analysis.
1. Types of Graphs and Charts in Spread-Sheet
There are many types of Graphs and Charts available in Spread-Sheet. These are as:
a. Column Charts: A column charts uses vertical bars or columns to display values over different categories. They are excellent at showing variations in value over time. It represents different types of column charts.
b. Bar charts: Bar charts are similar to a column charts, except they use horizontal instead of vertical bars. Like the column chart, the bar chart shows variations in value over time. These charts are again of different patterns.
c. Pie charts: A pie chart present the contribution of each value to the total. Pie charts are an effective way to present information when you want to represent different parts of the whole, or the percentages of a total.
d. Line charts: A line chart shows trends and variations in data over time. A line chart displays a series of points that are connected over time. Often used to plot continuous data and are useful for identifying trends.
4.9.4 Steps for creating Graphs and Charts in Spread-Sheet
COLOR SYSTEM
System components
1. Hardware
a. Computer, apple macintosh and IBMPC
b. High-capacity scanner
c. Printer
d. Modem is internet
e. Digital camera
Processor: the processor is the heart of the system executing the instruction sent by the application.
Function: The processor is in constant communication with the memory.
Basic component of processor:
1. Register: which holds the operand for execution.
2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): where the processor perform arithmetic or logical operation.
3. Control unit (CU): it generates the various controlling and timing signal for the necessary execution of a particular operation.
4. RAM: the process data are immediately stored at RAM which is a volatile nature.
Storage memory: Four type of removable memory:
1. Magnetic: it is permanent memory. Its stored electric pulse of suitable polarity to magnetising coating a R/W is produce charge in magnetic field, like:- magnetic disc, hard disk, magnetic tape.
a. Magnetic disc: it store data on its surface. The surface divided into sector. All track have same no. of sector and each sector store data same amount bytes and R/W head read the data.
b. Hard disc: the hard disc made of aluminum or other metal or alloy with a thin coating magnetic material (iron oxide). Its online storage and its store information or to give information.
c. Floppy disc: a floppy disc are made of Mylar coated with magnetic material. It is very thin and flexible plastic.
2. Optical media (CD-ROM): it disc made up of resin and coated with highly reflected is aluminum when the high density layer beam is focused on it will coating material change two laser beam focusing on it. One is reading and other writing because the reading purpose laser beam high intensity so, use other beam is photodiode 25 mile watt from writing and 5 mile watt for read and when the laser beam focus on and laser change in reflected light so that photodiode receive light for convert light into electrical signal for reading. The high storing capacity like CD.
3. Magnetic optical disc: like DVD (erasable).
4. Semi-conductor: like USB flash drive.
UNIT -2
CRT system: used Cathod ray tube. (Photo-copy).
1. Monochrome:
a. Electron is emitted from the electron gun, which is a metal cathod.
b. The focusing anode that is of same polarity will repulse the electron beam and there by the focusing of the beam occurs.
c. Then the beam will be pass through the horizontal diflection plate to move the beam in left or right direction according the plate voltage.
d. Before striking on to the phosphor coated screen the beam will be pass through the acceleration anode, which accelerates the electron beam.
e. Finally the beam strikes on o the phosphorous coated screen and on the striking point the image will be visualized.
Working monochrome:
A CRT capable of producing a black and white image on the screen is called a monochrome CRT. A high voltage of the order of 18kv is maintained between the cathode and anode. This produces the beam of electron, known as cathode ray form the cathode and anode. The beam of electron is controlled by the three other positive terminals. The control grid (G1) helps the accelerating grid (G2) provides acceleration to the electrons in the forward direction and focusing grid (G3) focuses the beam to a single point X on the screen ahead, so that the diameter of the beam is equal to the diameter of a single dot of phosphor.
As the beam tits the phosphor dot, a glowing spot of light is created at the centre of the screen. This spot of light is known as glowing pixel. When current flow through the deflection coils, the electrical field produced interacts with the electron beam there by deflecting it from its original path to the another point Y. one of the coil, called horizontal deflection coil moves the beam horizontally across the screen and the other coil called the vertical deflection coil. When both these coils are energized is required proportions the electron beam can be moved in any direction thus generate a single spot of light at any point on the CRT screen.
2. Color CRT: the working principal of color CRT is similar to that of black and white CRT, except that here each pixel consists of three colored dots instead of one and is called a traid. These processed phosphors produced primary colors. These primary colors by produced other color. Three dots have three electron gun each of which fall in the corresponding dot.
a. Beam penetration: it used in random display. The phosphorous usually red and green are coated onto the inside of the CRT screen and display color depend upon bow far the electron beam penetrate into the phosphorous layer. The beam speed combination of red and green light are emitted to show two color, orange and yellow.
DISPLAY: Types of display:-
1. Random scan: A CRT has electron beam direction only the parts of the where the picture is to drawn.
2. Raster scan: the electron beam is swept across the screen one row at a time from top to bottom, each screen point is referred to as pixel.
3. Shadow mask: it is prevent the beam form falling in the gap between dots. It made up of a special alloy of iron and nicked called invar and it not expand on heating. When the color beam pass through a hole in the shadow mask activate dot triangle for perfect alignment of beam. (Mask used).
Important:
Dot pitch: the shortest distance between two neighboring pixels (for monochrome) (0.25mm to 0.4mm)
Pixel addressability: the total number of pixels that can be addressed on the screen. The measured of number of pixel per row, like (640X480 or 800X600 or higher).
Monitor size: the longest diagonal length of the monitor like (15” to 20”).
Resolution: the total number of pixel per unit length in the horizontally direction. It has unit (dpi). Monitor usually have a resolution 72 to 96 dpi.
Color depth: the total no of color and total no. of varying intensities of electron beam of a CRT, like 8 bits can be displayed 2 (8) or 256 color.
Modern color monitor have 24 bits (2 (24) or 16.7 million color).
No of pixel in monitor and required memory
Between= 1280X1024
Color = (1280X3) X (1024X3) = ---------------------------------------- MB.
3 is primary color used.
Charged Coupled Device
A Charged Coupled Device (CCD) is a semiconductor device that converts light (photons) into electrical signals (electrons). It is widely used in imaging applications such as digital cameras, scanners, telescopes, and medical imaging.
a. Photon Capture:
b. Charge Transfer:
c. Signal Conversion:
Image Compression is the process of reducing the size of a digital image file without excessively compromising quality.
Purpose: Save storage space, reduce transmission time, and optimize bandwidth usage.
Definition: Compresses image data without losing any original information. The image can be perfectly reconstructed.
Techniques:
1. Run-Length Encoding (RLE): Replaces repeated pixel values with a single value and count.
2. Huffman Coding: Assigns shorter codes to frequently used pixel values.
3. LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch): Used in GIF and TIFF formats.
Advantages: No loss of quality.
Disadvantages: Lower compression ratio compared to lossy methods.
B. Lossy Compression
Definition: Compresses image data by removing some information, usually imperceptible to human eyes.
Advantages: High compression ratio, reduces storage and bandwidth drastically.
Disadvantages: Some image quality is lost, irreversible.
C. Other Specialized Compression
1. Vector Compression: Stores image as geometric shapes (SVG), resolution-independent.
2. Fractal Compression: Uses self-similar patterns, mainly in research or medical imaging.
Comparison Table
Feature
Lossless
Lossy
Quality
Perfect
Reduced
Compression Ratio
Low
High
Reversibility
Yes
No
Examples
PNG, GIF, TIFF
JPEG, WebP, HEIC
Use Case
Archival, medical, technical drawings
Web, photography, multimedia
a. Types:
1. Monochrome CRT – Displays only one color (usually green, amber, or white).
2. Color CRT – Displays color images using RGB phosphor dots.
3. Vector CRT – Draws images by directing the electron beam along lines rather than scanning the screen.
b. Working Principle:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1.2 LED Displays
Advantages: Energy-efficient, slim, bright, long lifespan.
Disadvantages: High initial cost for large panels, limited color accuracy compared to high-end CRT.
1.3 LCD Displays
Types: TFT (Thin-Film Transistor), Passive-matrix, Active-matrix.
Advantages: Thin, lightweight, low power consumption, no flicker.
Disadvantages: Narrow viewing angles (in older models), slower response time, limited contrast compared to CRT.
a. CGA (Color Graphics Adapter):
b. VGA (Video Graphics Array):
c. SVGA (Super VGA):
Definition: Non-volatile memory using tiny magnetized areas (“bubbles”) in a thin film of magnetic material.
Advantages: Durable, shock-resistant, low power.
Disadvantages: Slow access time, limited commercial use.
Definition: Semiconductor device that converts light into electrical signals.
Applications: Digital cameras, scanners, telescopes, and medical imaging.
Advantages: High sensitivity, accurate imaging.
Disadvantages: Expensive, power-consuming for large arrays.
Purpose: Reduce storage and transmission size of images.
Types:
1. Lossless Compression: No data loss; original image can be fully reconstructed.
2. Lossy Compression: Some data lost for higher compression ratio.
Data Organization: Data stored in sectors, tracks, and cylinders on disks.
Types of Storage Devices:
1. FD (Floppy Disk):
2. HD (Hard Disk):
3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface):
4. Compact Disc (CD):
Summary Table
UNIT -3
Working:
Types: Standard, Ergonomic, Multimedia, Virtual.
1.2 Mouse
Optical Mouse:
Rolling Ball Mouse:
1.3 Light Pen
1.4 Joystick
1.5 Digitizers (Digitizing Tablet)
1.6 Web Camera
1.7 Optical Scanner
1. OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Reads printed text.
2. BCR (Barcode Reader): Reads barcodes.
3. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Reads bank cheques.
2.2 VDT (Visual Display Terminal)
Working: Displays output visually on screen.
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. LED-backlit LCD
2.3 Plotters
Types: Drum plotter, Flatbed plotter, Electrostatic plotter.
2.4 Electronic Typewriters
4. Summary Table of Devices
DIGITIZING AND REDIGITIZING
Digitizing: Digitization is a means of creating digital surrogates of analog materials such as books, newspapers, microfilm, and videotapes. Digitization can provide a means of preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile of the object in order to put less strain on already fragile originals.
Redigitizing: Scanners play a central role in all digital processes in prepress. The redigitizing scanner is particularly important in computer to plate workflow since it is only with the aid of such scanning systems that existing analog films can be converted into data files for digital processing.
It is true that redigitizing is an additional expense requiring the utmost precision, yet the customer does not normally appreciate it. So that this processing step, which is absolutely essential for end to- end digital production, is cost effective, it is mainly businesses with mixed production that use color separation scanners (drum and flat-bed) with a special added function. Often films for possible repeat jobs, which were produced with computer to film units, are archived, and the data are no longer available. In this case scanners are used to digitize these analog data carriers, for example to drive a computer to late unit or to amend the content at a workstation.
Various redigitizing techniques are employed for the different types of film masters supplied:
Scanner: Two types of scanner:
1. Flatbed: it is a device which used to scan the picture or photograph and upload in to the computer for editing.
Working of flatbed: the image is placed on the bed of gloss face down and is illuminated by florescent light from bottom. The incident light on heating the copy reflect or transmits and falls on to a light sensitive diode that form photo array called CCD. The CCD capture the image information and convert the light energy to electrical energy. The monochrome have single linear array and color have tri-linear array for RGB. The light moves across the original the scanner align of image date. The more pixel per inch (PPI). It has ability captured more resolution and more details image. A 8 bit scanner can detect 256 shades for black and white image only. The second part of scanning of a desktop scanner is the image data by the CCD from an RGB mode to CMYK mode.
2. Drum scanner: drum scan image data with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) placed (CCD). The original mounted on a cryclic cylinder, the scanner drum rotates high speed and optics light fall on the original and signal give (PMT). PMT split into separate R, G, B beam.
Printer: a printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. Printed information is often called hardcopy because the information exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that presented on a VDU (monitor). Printers can be grouped into impact and non-impact printers.
An impact printers: forms characters and graphics on a pieces of paper by striking a mechanism against an ink ribbon that physically contact the paper.
A non-impact printers without actually striking the papers.
The following types of printers will be considered in more detail.
1. Impact: daisy wheel printer, dot matrix printer, line printer.
2. Non-impact: ink-jet printer, laser printer, plotter.
a. Daisy wheel printer: it is impact printer that uses a wheel as a print head. As the wheel rotates, a hammer strikes the backside of the spoke and presses it against the paper to print a character.
Advantage: can print letter quality character.
Disadvantage: printing speed is very slow, cannot print graphics.
b. Dot matrix printer: it is impact printer that produces printed images with a print head striking mechanism. Most dot matrix printers use continuous-form paper. A higher number of pins on the print head means more dots are printed, which result in higher print quality lie. A 24-pin printer has better print quality than a 9- pin.
Note that the final image is fuggy and not cleanly formed because the cloth ribbon and the paper texture cause the ink to smear, and also because of slight Mis-alignment of the pins.
It measured by the number of characters per second (CPS).
Advantage:
1. It can print multipart forms.
2. It can withstand dusty environment, vibrations and extreme temperature.
Disadvantage:
1. It are generally noisy.
2. It not good than ink-jet and laser printer.
c. Line printer: it is high speed impact printer that prints an entire line at a time, the speed of a line printer is measured by the number of lines per minutes (IPM). Line printers are often used with mainframes, minicomputers, or with a network in applications such as manufacturing, distribution, or shipping.
d. Ink-jet printer: it is non-impact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers can produce letter-quality text and graphics in both black and white and colors. It measure in dots per inch (DPI). The speed is measured in lines per minutes (LPM).
1. It are generally quiet.
2. It can produce high quality color output.
1. It are required to produce high quality color output.
2. The ink cartridges and specialized papers are expensive.
3. The ink may smear when printed on ordinary paper.
E. Laser printer: laser printer works is similar to a photocopier. It also known as page printers. A laser beam is a concentrated beam of light (fine ray). The beam can be made so small that is capable of micro-scoping precision. The main features of laser light source is that, it can be controlled by digitized information send from a computer. A laser printer employs six basic steps of charging, exposer, development, transfer, fixing and cleaning.
Charging: the image carrier is a photoconductive surface like selenium coated drum, zinc oxide, cadmium sulphide. The photoconductive material should be capable or retain electric charge in darkness. The photoconductive material is charged electrostatically through coronas discharged.
Exposure: the exposure unit receive digitized character or graphic information from a computer. Based on the information, the image generation unit cause the laser light beam to pulsate on exposure the required dot matrix image so formed on to the photoconductive drum.
Development: toner is applied to the drum during development. To toner is capable of receiving an electrical charge because it is electric attraction which transfer the toner to the photoconductor and final printing paper surface. Resin is needed to make the toner adhere to paper after transfer. Toner is oppositely charged with that of drum and ding to the drum only to charged image area.
Transfer: during transfer a piece of paper is passed close to the drum. The paper is give a charge of the same type as the drum. But, the charge placed on the paper is stronger than charged placed on the drum. The stronger charged on paper attract the toner from the drum to the paper, transferring the toner image.
Fixing: the toner must be fixed so that it will adhere permanently to the paper. Toner are heat set and offix by passing the paper under heat lamp of heat roller that cause toner to melt and combined with the paper through absorption.
Cleaning: the last essential steps is cleaning the photo-conductor. If the photo-conductor were not perfectly clean between each image printed, small toner particles could remain on the photoconductor surface which would be transfer to the next sheet printer.
1. It are generally quiet and fast.
2. It cost per page of toner cartridges is lower than other printers.
1. Laser printers is high cost.
F. Plotter: it that generates high-quality documents by moving ink pens over the surface of a page. It useful to engineers and architects, as they produce high-quality blue prints, maps and floor plans. It two basic types of plotters are (1) pens plotter, (2) x-y plotters.
1. Can print on large printers.
2. High quality printing.
Selection the appropriate printer:
1. Cost
2. Speed
3. Print quality
4. Ability to print graphics.
5. Ability to produce text and graphics in color.
6. Ability to produce multiple copies.
OCR unit: (electronic means of scanning) reading copy, and converting digitized files that can be saved on disc and edited as a text.
Optical characters reader (OCR): optical character readers (OCR) are devices which can read pre-printed text matter and convent the information into singles which can be recognized by the DTP microprocessor. The obvious advantage of OCR is the avoidance of rekeying information which has already been keyset.
Best result are obtained when the text has been set in a specially designed machine readable type however increasingly sophisticated readers are being developed which can read a wide range of typefaces and styles.
The scanned text is usually converted into signals conforming to the American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or an equivalent language. This information can then be used for viewing and editing on the monitor and either stored output to the print device.
FILE FORMAT:
1. GIF: (graphic interchange format) it format on the web and storing picture like-live drawing and simple cartoon.
2. JPEG: (joint photographer’s expert group) it stores full color information 24 bit/ pixel and much small than GIF’s.
3. TIFF: bitmap files (tagged image file format) it storing bitmap and does not oriented image or text.
It has different level based on no. of color or grey.
It transport for raster image and desktop publishing format.
4. PICT: (macintosh format) it based on quick draw, the mac’s native graphic language object and bitmap can be write white, black, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, and blue can hold resolution greater ’72 dpi’.
It is readily imported but poorly supported by publishing application.
5. DCS: (desktop color separation) DCS is a file format that creates four color separation by saving image as a set of ‘EPS’ file. It is used to exchange color data between retouching, separation and page layout.
The complete preview image is store in one file. The individual ‘CMYK’ color plate are stored in separate file. It advantage editing program easily support.
6. PDF: (portable document file) it used to represent a document of the application software, hardware. The PDF writer available both in MAC and WINDOW. It useful for interactive viewing.
7. Post script: a method to describe typographic as vector or outlines at same time introduce PS language. It used for raster based printer and in file include all type and graphic information.
8. EPS: (encapsulated post script) in the ‘EPS’ file special function like transfer curve, screen rulling and separation information embedded in the file that cannot be changed once it leave the creator of the file.
EPS used for storing object oriented and bitmapped software and it has two sub-type-ASCII (text) and binary (hexadecimal).
UNIT -4
Desktop publishing (DTP): the term desktop publishing often contracted to DTP and started to use recently, it is a comparatively new development in printing and publishing and owes its origins to earlier work in the fields of word processing and micro computing. The purpose of a desktop system is to originate, create, manipulate and publish complete documents. Its intention, as the name implies is to produce the work in a desktop or minimum multi-station methods used in conventional printing and publishing.
The term documents are usually pages or collections of pages in single leaves which make up the final document such as a report, manual, journal, and book. Publishing is intended to issue for public information, rather than the large scale dissemination and distribution of printed publications. In which may otherwise be understood. It must be emphasized that the production of one documents does not automatically assume the publications and distribution of several million identical documents.
The scope of desktop publishing in quite broad and may range from internal ‘house’ memoranda to complete journals or books. Illustration s may be included with the text and colour reproduction possible.
Basic requirements of hardware and software: the requirements in terms of equipment (hardware) and programmes (software) can vary considerably, depending on the nature of the final type of document to be published. Factors to be taken into account will includes:
1. Total volume of work anticipated in say page per days.
2. Page sizes, number of pated and quantities to be published.
3. Time scale available from conception to publication.
4. Typographical style and quality requirements.
5. Graphics input: line or halftone, monochrome or colour.
6. Cost factor such as initial capital and eventual cost per page.
The basic items of hardware in a desktop system are:
1. A micro-computer with a disc drive.
2. A monitor in the form of a video display unit (VDU).
3. A keyboard with appropriate instruction for option control of the system.
4. A print out device, usually in the form of a laser printer.
In addition to above items, there are a number of ancillary of peripheral devices which may expand and the basic system.
Programs for desktop publishing: programs for desktop work fulfil the same function as per any other computer oriented system. These are stores sets of instruction which govern the operation of the computer and its related components. For simplicity, programs can be classified as primary and secondary software.
Primary software: primary software controls the general routine functions of the computer. This may be hold in the computers ‘memory’ as a permanent or semi-permanent program which may not be altered by the option. This is referred to as a read only memory (ROM) often contained in a compact disc (CD) in which case it may be referred to as a CD/ROM.
Secondary software: secondary software is employed special purposes related to the nature and level of the work to be undertaken. This may include special programs for word processing, pagination typographic instruction editing and correction graphics image manipulation and so on. There are a number of programs available from various suppliers under each heading and it is important to ensure first, that the program will undertake the function required compatible with other, related software and of course, the hardware with which it will employed.
Editing: editing is the process of adding, changing or deleting information in a file. During editing, the composition can make corrections to information in a file as well as add and change typesetting commands in the file. Composition computers allow the operator to make changes to the original file by selecting, on the computer screen the word or words to be hanged deleting them and typing in new-copy. Mass systems use a cursor to select specific screen areas. A cursor is typically a blinking rectangle or short blinking rule that can be moved up, down, or across the screen with special cursor movement keys on the keyboard.
Copy editing: copy editing is assumed to include re-writing revising and polishing. These are jobs for a person of experience who can make decision sand set policy regarding a manuscript. Copy editing is also called copy preparation mean putting the accepted editorial material in shape for the printers by making it accurate as to facts, grammatical, consistency as to style, and correct spelling and punctuation and by marking it for type.
Page make-up: the device uses video display terminals to show type and graphics in their proper size and position, and to move the various components of an ad or page so that they match a layout. These machines allow you to “compose” on the VDT screen to trace graphics, change or specify copy dimensions, choose type styles, changes or repeat formats, draw rules as well as to set type. At the touch of a button, the operator stores the newly composed information on magnetic media or on tape, weather for storage in a computer or for phototypesetting. Current units are mostly standalone units, but more will be incorporated into computer system.
DTP software is a tool for graphic designers and non-graphic designers to create visual communications for professional or desktop publishing printing as well as for online or on-screen electronic publishing.
1. Software:
a. Page layout: it software basically used for editing of text and page making up with a perfect scaling of the word phrases and placement of graphic.
1. Page maker (adobe page maker)
2. Quark express.
b. Word processing: it purpose for typing and used for justification, hyphenation spelling checking, editing configuration, configuration justification.
1. Microsoft word (MS-word)
2. Word star
c. Pixel based graphic editing software: it used for photo and graphic editing as Photoshop and Corel photo paint. (Small square box (halftone).
1. Photoshop (adobe Photoshop)
2. Paint
3. Corel photo paint
d. Vector based illustration software: it used for designing graphical dimensions basically geometrical designing. It used for making logos and graphic design. It is also called line photography.
It writes true level to post script code which can be output on any post script image-setter.
It always give high resolution and easily editable without losing image quality.
Page layout software:
1. Alignment software
2. Automatic threading
3. Color separation for printing plate.
4. Frames: rectangular and circular boxes.
5. Graphic cropping: removed unwanted portion.
6. Grid lines: display positioning of text and graphics.
7. Imposition: proper page sequence
8. Indexing: index and tables of contents.
a. Layer: provides the ability to stack text or graphics on top to one another.
9. Master page: automatic layout, pagination, header and footer and graphic element for multiple pages.
10. Object grouping: enables various text and graphic objects to be combined so they can be moved as a single object.
11. Page size wide variety
12. Printer’s mark: print crop and registration marks.
13. Spacing
14. Spell checking
15. Style: typographical and layout
16. Text curving: give angle.
17. Typography: different type, typeface, color and dropped capital.
Quark express:
Quark express suitable in the Mac and windows is still a power house publishing platform despite strong competition from adobe. It multi-language support.
Word processing software:
1. Editing features: any types of correction (inserted, deletions, modifications).
2. Permanent storage:
3. Formatting features: any style (bold, italic, underline).
4. Graphic: insert drawing and clipart.
5. Object linking and embedding (OLE): you can use to share information through object like charts, equation, video clips, audio clips, pictures.
6. Spell check
7. Mail merge: sent to invitees.
8. Facility of cut , copy, and paste
9. Search and replace text.
10. Justification and indentation.
11. Pagination: after breaking the page new page start.
12. Importing & exporting text.
Pixel based software:
Object should not be changed should not be edited ultimately the quality of picture.
If image is rotate or skilled it needs to recreate every pixel in an image always some loss of information.
The change of size in a large extent is not desirable.
Pixel based graphics are at the fixed resolution and cannot print at high resolution.
Pixel based files that have a high enough resolution to produce printable quality are measures in MB.
1. Starting a new page: new page dialog box allows the users to indicate the image size, resolution and color mode and set margin.
2. Tool box: it used to draw, paint, erase four type of tools-
a. Selection
b. Painting
c. Viewing
d. Specialized
3. Working on menu:
a. File menu: open, close, save, export, print.
b. Edit: cut, copy, paste, undo
c. Image: choosing a color mode, changing image size, rotation.
d. Filter menu: bring dozens of physical change to an image.
4. Working with layer: this tool allows the user to combine image and create collages by working on one part of an image at a time.
5. Merging layer:
6. Selection tool: select a specific piece of a picture, any of the selection tool-marquee, lasso or magic wand.
7. Cutting, copy, and cropping.
8. Image scanning: user scanner.
9. Digital printing: picker tool.
Two available color foreground and background fill by brush /pencil tool.
10. Image alternation: image tuned into an imitation of an oil printing, water color, drawing and filters used for special effect.
11. Masking: option enable the user to apply changes to an image selectively, prospecting part of the image that he does not want to change.
12. Adding type: type image in pixel form in Photoshop. They can be give special effect.
13. Save file: JPEG, TIFF and EPS.
Vector based software
Object are infinitely editable.
It not loss of detail.
Increasing and decreasing size to any degree with high quality.
Object are highest resolution print. It to be printed at any PS printer at the high resolution.
Object create small files in KB.
1. Create an object: separate element is called object. An object’s edge is called path. Some corel draw tools create closed path object, closed path can be filled with color.
2. Modify an object: first be selected and job according handling.
3. Fill an object: uniformly filled with a spot or process color.
4. Special effect: blends create a no. of intermediate object, the user add the illustration of distances depth, shadow effect and power clip is used to place one object to inside another.
5. Handling text: outline and registration text can be converted to curve.
6. Change view: zoom and full screen preview for easy change to make editing drawing.
7. Place object: in dialog box this option give and it used for guidelines, grid lines, alignment, rules.
8. Import & export:
9. Print document: printer user
Design process and guidelines:
1. Make a thumbnail sketch.
2. Apply the design rules.
3. Check the check on screen.
4. Send font file with print document.
5. Print a draft and proofread it.
6. Print the document.
Users of desktop publishing system DTP system can be used by an individual like journal and artist. He is make manuscript in PC.