“Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success.”
Newspaper and Multimedia
UNIT-1
1. Introduction to Newspaper Organization
A newspaper is a complex institution that gathers, processes, and publishes news for the public. Efficient organization ensures timely production, quality content, and smooth management of resources. A newspaper organization typically combines editorial, mechanical, and managerial functions.
2. Newspaper Hierarchy
A. Editorial Organization
The editorial side is responsible for creating content. The hierarchy usually includes:
1. Editor-in-Chief / Editor – The top decision-maker overseeing overall content and editorial policies.
2. Managing Editor – Supervises day-to-day editorial operations, story planning, and deadlines.
3. Section Editors / Desk Editors – Manage specific sections like news, sports, business, or entertainment.
4. Sub-Editors / Copy Editors – Edit, fact-check, and polish articles for clarity and style.
5. Reporters / Journalists – Gather news, conduct interviews, and write stories.
6. Correspondents – Report from specific regions, cities, or foreign locations.
7. Columnists / Opinion Writers – Provide commentary, analysis, or opinion pieces.
8. Photographers / Graphic Designers – Provide images, charts, and graphics.
B. Mechanical / Production Organization
Responsible for turning editorial content into a printed or digital newspaper.
Definition: The invention of typesetting, conventionally called ‘composing’.
Typesetting, setting the text matter mainly depends upon the method of printing. It has been divided into two group given below as:-
Hot composing
1. Manual:
a. measure the type
b. composing and justifying
c. table and tabular setting (space in between two table)
d. distribution
2. Mechanical:
a. mono type: single letter composing
b. Linotype: full line composed
a. Monotype: two parts (a) keyboard, (b) the caster
1. Keyboard: type face included roman, italic, bold, small caps (4 point to 14 point) 3red keys used for justified of lines. The buttons are numbered 1 to 15 and are arranged in two rows with each no. in duplicate exactly one above the other.
2. Caster: the flow of cold water, casting temperature, measure, placement of the correct mold, normal-wedge.
Matrix: a matrix is mold used to cast a letter, known as a sort. Matrices for printing types were made of copper).
Stereo: stereo was a “solid plate of type metal cast form a plaster mold taken from the surface of a forme of type and used for printing instead of the original.
Electro: it is as used to manufacture matrices that could be used as mold for individual pieces of metal type. (electroplating)
b. Line composing machine: full line casting and line produced on this machine is also called slug.
Working:
c. Ludlow system: it combination of hand-setting and casting mainly used for casting of heading in bigger type size. It found in newspaper presses.
3. Flow Chart of Staff in Newspaper Organization
Editorial Side
Editor-in-Chief
↓
Managing Editor
Section Editors (News, Sports, Business, etc.)
Sub-Editors / Copy Editors
Reporters / Correspondents / Columnists
Mechanical Side
Composition Department → Printing Department → Proofreading → Circulation / Delivery
4. Newspaper Management and Organization
5. Flow of Stories into Newspaper Office
Stories reach the newspaper through multiple sources:
1. Reporters – Field reporting on events and news.
2. Correspondents – Local or foreign news updates.
3. News Agencies – AP, Reuters, PTI, etc., providing syndicated news.
4. Syndicates – Distribute columns, features, and cartoons.
5. Columnists – Regular opinion or analysis pieces.
6. Readers / Public Contributions – Letters, tips, or community reports.
Flow Example:
News Sources → Reporter → Sub-Editor → Section Editor → Editor-in-Chief → Composition → Printing → Circulation → Readers
1. Reporters
2. Correspondents
3. News Agencies
4. Syndicates
5. Columnists
6. Readers / Public Contributions
Summary Table
UNIT-2
1. Design Principles of a Newspaper
Newspaper design ensures clarity, readability, and effective communication. Key principles include:
1. Clarity and Readability – Text, headlines, and images should be easy to read and understand.
2. Hierarchy of Information – Important news should stand out (front page or top of the page).
3. Balance and Symmetry – Visual balance between text, images, and advertisements.
4. Consistency – Uniform style, fonts, and spacing across the paper.
5. Emphasis and Contrast – Highlight major news or features using headlines, fonts, colors, or boxes.
6. Unity and Cohesion – Design elements should work together to create a cohesive look.
7. White Space / Margins – Avoid clutter; give content room to “breathe.”
2. Design Elements in a Newspaper
Newspapers are composed of several elements that must be harmonized:
1. Advertisements – Paid content; should be placed without disrupting editorial flow.
2. Text Matter – Articles, reports, features, letters, and editorials; should be legible and structured.
3. Headlines – Capture attention; differentiate importance using size, weight, and style.
4. Pictures / Photographs / Graphics – Enhance storytelling; should be relevant, high-quality, and properly captioned.
Other Elements: Captions, sub-headlines, pull quotes, infographics, boxes, and borders.
3. Introduction to Design and Layout in Newspapers
Design refers to planning the visual appearance of a newspaper. Layout / Page Make-up refers to arranging all elements (text, images, ads) on each page for readability and visual appeal.
4. Page Make-up in Newspapers
Each page in a newspaper has a distinct design purpose:
A. Front Page
B. Editorial / Opinion Page
C. Section Pages
D. Colour / Feature Pages
5. Newspaper Format
Newspapers come in several standard formats affecting design:
1. Broadsheet – Large sheets; traditional and formal; more space for detailed stories.
2. Tabloid – Smaller, compact; often used for sensational or lifestyle content; easier handling.
3. Berliner / Midi – Medium size between broadsheet and tabloid; popular in Europe.
4. Online / Digital Format – Responsive design for mobile and desktop; layout adapts dynamically.
Key considerations for format: Page size, column width, number of columns, margins, and gutter space.
PAGE ASSEMBLING AND PRINTING
Hot and cold page make up: Page design according original for printing.
Tips for page-make up
1. Know size of the page.
2. The size, name type use for setting chapter no., headings.
3. The style and layout used for page.
4. Sink, allow for first page of each chapter, and space between Paragraphs.
5. The size and type drop letter used.
6. The style in which the image adjusted.
a. Make up of pamphlets and folders: it printed more than one color. The headline proper position.
b. Make up of book work: single color print and start fresh page and last page leave the blank page. It has running head and folio no. either at the top and bottom of the page. A give footnotes and right space for sink and made up in two or three column depend upon the size of book.
c. Make up of journals and magazines: it same book work but only different bigger in size, contain more illustration and more-wider than width of the columns nor larger than the depth of the page give correct imposition.
d. Make up of catalogues: normally multi-color printing with large no. of illustration and illustration are arranged place and also text matter different position. The halftone black are sometimes on mounts of different shape and size of the text near to illustration as possible. It set vary accurate for proper registration.
e. Make up of newspaper pages:- it is very quick and accuracy done and assistant editor give instruction to the make-up man for trial method and all decisions regarding headlines, sizes and make up man is assemble, design, headlines, dimensions, multiple column headings.
1. Horizontal make up: column set in horizontal and vertically.
2. Circus make up: the different item are arranged quite near to each other place.
3. Quadrant make up: it divided into four part and the item are displayed in all the four part treating each as a separate unit.
4. Razzle-dazzle make up: most important some of item given on the Front page.
Cold page make-up: it is prepared for making offset plate.
Montage: it planning or making a group of pages ready for preparing an offset plate.
Magazine editors: typeset quality pages showing the layout, graphics. Corporate or business house can produce brochures, direct mail.
UNIT-3
1. Introduction to Multimedia
Multimedia is the integration of text, audio, video, graphics, and animation to convey information or create interactive experiences. It combines multiple forms of media to engage users in ways that single media cannot.
2. Historical Background of Multimedia
3. Multimedia Components / Tools
Multimedia relies on different types of media components:
4. Hardware and Software Requirements for Multimedia
Hardware:
Software:
5. Role of Multimedia
6. Applications and Uses of Multimedia
7. Developments of Multimedia
8. Future of Multimedia
9. Multimedia in Society
UNIT-4
1. Input Devices
Input devices are hardware components that allow users to enter data or commands into a computer system. They convert physical actions or signals into digital data that the computer can process
Keyboard and Keypad
Keyboard:
Keypad / Numeric Keypad:
Uses:
Mouse
Functions:
Trackball
Touchpad
Sound Input Device
COMPUTER TYPESETTING:
Desktop publishing (DTP): the term desktop publishing often contracted to DTP and started to use recently, it is a comparatively new development in printing and publishing and owes its origins to earlier work in the fields of word processing and micro computing. The purpose of a desktop system is to originate, create, manipulate and publish complete documents. Its intention, as the name implies is to produce the work in a desktop or minimum multi-station methods used in conventional printing and publishing.
The term documents are usually pages or collections of pages in single leaves which make up the final document such as a report, manual, journal, and book. Publishing is intended to issue for public information, rather than the large scale dissemination and distribution of printed publications. In which may otherwise be understood. It must be emphasized that the production of one documents does not automatically assume the publications and distribution of several million identical documents.
The scope of desktop publishing in quite broad and may range from internal ‘house’ memoranda to complete journals or books. Illustration s may be included with the text and colour reproduction possible.
System components for DTP:
1. Hardware
a. Computer, apple macintosh and IBMPC
b. High-capacity scanner
c. Printer
d. Modem is internet
e. Digital camera
Processor: the processor is the heart of the system executing the instruction sent by the application.
Function: The processor is in constant communication with the memory.
Basic component of processor:
1. Register: which holds the operand for execution.
2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): where the processor perform arithmetic or logical operation.
3. Control unit (CU): it generates the various controlling and timing signal for the necessary execution of a particular operation.
4. RAM: the process data are immediately stored at RAM which is a volatile nature.
Storage memory: Four type of removable memory:
1. Magnetic: it is permanent memory. Its stored electric pulse of suitable polarity to magnetising coating a R/W is produce charge in magnetic field, like:- magnetic disc, hard disk, magnetic tape.
a. Magnetic disc: it stores data on its surface. The surface divided into sector. All track have same no. of sector and each sector store data same amount bytes and R/W head read the data.
b. Hard disc: the hard disc made of aluminum or other metal or alloy with a thin coating magnetic material (iron oxide). Its online storage and its store information or to give information.
c. Floppy disc: a floppy disc is made of Mylar coated with magnetic material. It is very thin and flexible plastic.
2. Optical media (CD-ROM): it disc made up of resin and coated with highly reflected is aluminum when the high-density layer beam is focused on it will coating material change two laser beam focusing on it. One is reading and other writing because the reading purpose laser beam high intensity so, use other beam is photodiode 25 mile watt from writing and 5 mile watt for read and when the laser beam focus on and laser change in reflected light so that photodiode receive light for convert light into electrical signal for reading. The high storing capacity like CD.
3. Magnetic optical disc: like DVD (erasable).
4. Semi-conductor: like USB flash drive.
Basic requirements of hardware and software: the requirements in terms of equipment (hardware) and programmes (software) can vary considerably, depending on the nature of the final type of document to be published. Factors to be taken into account will includes:
1. Total volume of work anticipated in say page per days.
2. Page sizes, number of pated and quantities to be published.
3. Time scale available from conception to publication.
4. Typographical style and quality requirements.
5. Graphics input: line or halftone, monochrome or colour.
6. Cost factor such as initial capital and eventual cost per page.
The basic items of hardware in a desktop system are:
1. A micro-computer with a disc drive.
2. A monitor in the form of a video display unit (VDU).
3. A keyboard with appropriate instruction for option control of the system.
4. A print out device, usually in the form of a laser printer.
In addition to above items, there are a number of ancillary of peripheral devices which may expand and the basic system.
Programs for desktop publishing: programs for desktop work fulfil the same function as per any other computer oriented system. These are stores sets of instruction which govern the operation of the computer and its related components. For simplicity, programs can be classified as primary and secondary software.
Primary software: primary software controls the general routine functions of the computer. This may be hold in the computers ‘memory’ as a permanent or semi-permanent program which may not be altered by the option. This is referred to as a read only memory (ROM) often contained in a compact disc (CD) in which case it may be referred to as a CD/ROM.
Secondary software: secondary software is employed special purposes related to the nature and level of the work to be undertaken. This may include special programs for word processing, pagination typographic instruction editing and correction graphics image manipulation and so on. There are a number of programs available from various suppliers under each heading and it is important to ensure first, that the program will undertake the function required compatible with other, related software and of course, the hardware with which it will employed.
SCANNING AND GRAPHIC INPUT
Digital camera: Two types of digital camera:
1. Digital camera: an electronic photosensitive sensor capture light that enters the digital camera, the saves the image date in memory card. The image store into memory as a bitmap image. The CCD is used to record image information.
2. Scanning back on existing analog camera: a device that can capture photographic image and store them in digital form integrated circuit card. The scanning back is connected to standard film camera and replaces the film expose area. The camera takes the photo and scanning back convertor the image into electronic format.
Scanner: Two types of scanner:
1. Flatbed: it is a device which used to scan the picture or photograph and upload in to the computer for editing.
Working of flatbed: the image is placed on the bed of gloss face down and is illuminated by florescent light from bottom. The incident light on heating the copy reflect or transmits and falls on to a light sensitive diode that form photo array called CCD. The CCD capture the image information and convert the light energy to electrical energy. The monochrome have single linear array and color have tri-linear array for RGB. The light moves across the original the scanner align of image date. The more pixel per inch (PPI). It has ability captured more resolution and more details image. A 8 bit scanner can detect 256 shades for black and white image only. The second part of scanning of a desktop scanner is the image data by the CCD from an RGB mode to CMYK mode.
2. Drum scanner: drum scan image data with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) placed (CCD). The original mounted on a cryclic cylinder, the scanner drum rotates high speed and optics light fall on the original and signal give (PMT). PMT split into separate R, G, B beam.
Editing: editing is the process of adding, changing or deleting information in a file. During editing, the composition can make corrections to information in a file as well as add and change typesetting commands in the file. Composition computers allow the operator to make changes to the original file by selecting, on the computer screen the word or words to be hanged deleting them and typing in new-copy. Mass systems use a cursor to select specific screen areas. A cursor is typically a blinking rectangle or short blinking rule that can be moved up, down, or across the screen with special cursor movement keys on the keyboard.
Copy editing: copy editing is assumed to include re-writing revising and polishing. These are jobs for a person of experience who can make decision sand set policy regarding a manuscript. Copy editing is also called copy preparation mean putting the accepted editorial material in shape for the printers by making it accurate as to facts, grammatical, consistency as to style, and correct spelling and punctuation and by marking it for type.
Page make-up: the device uses video display terminals to show type and graphics in their proper size and position, and to move the various components of an ad or page so that they match a layout. These machines allow you to “compose” on the VDT screen to trace graphics, change or specify copy dimensions, choose type styles, changes or repeat formats, draw rules as well as to set type. At the touch of a button, the operator stores the newly composed information on magnetic media or on tape, weather for storage in a computer or for phototypesetting. Current units are mostly standalone units, but more will be incorporated into computer system.
OCR unit: (electronic means of scanning) reading copy, and converting digitized files that can be saved on disc and edited as a text.
Optical characters reader (OCR): optical character readers (OCR) are devices which can read pre-printed text matter and convent the information into singles which can be recognized by the DTP microprocessor. The obvious advantage of OCR is the avoidance of rekeying information which has already been keyset.
Best result are obtained when the text has been set in a specially designed machine readable type however increasingly sophisticated readers are being developed which can read a wide range of typefaces and styles.
The scanned text is usually converted into signals conforming to the American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or an equivalent language. This information can then be used for viewing and editing on the monitor and either stored output to the print device.
Users of desktop publishing system DTP system can be used by an individual like journal and artist. He is make manuscript in PC.
Printing: Output is data that has been processed into a used form, called information. An output devices is any hardware component that can display information to a user. The main and most common output devices in a computer system are the printer and the V.D.U.
Printer: a printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. Printed information is often called hardcopy because the information exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that presented on a VDU (monitor). Printers can be grouped into impact and non-impact printers.
An impact printers: forms characters and graphics on a pieces of paper by striking a mechanism against an ink ribbon that physically contact the paper.
A non-impact printers without actually striking the papers.
The following types of printers will be considered in more detail.
1. Impact: daisy wheel printer, dot matrix printer, line printer.
2. Non-impact: ink-jet printer, laser printer, plotter.
a. Daisy wheel printer: it is impact printer that uses a wheel as a print head. As the wheel rotates, a hammer strikes the backside of the spoke and presses it against the paper to print a character.
Advantage: can print letter quality character.
Disadvantage: printing speed is very slow, cannot print graphics.
b. Dot matrix printer: it is impact printer that produces printed images with a print head striking mechanism. Most dot matrix printers use continuous-form paper. A higher number of pins on the print head means more dots are printed, which result in higher print quality lie. A 24-pin printer has better print quality than a 9- pin.
Note that the final image is fuggy and not cleanly formed because the cloth ribbon and the paper texture cause the ink to smear, and also because of slight Mis-alignment of the pins.
It measured by the number of characters per second (CPS).
Advantage:
1. It can print multipart forms.
2. It can withstand dusty environment, vibrations and extreme temperature.
Disadvantage:
1. It are generally noisy.
2. It not good than ink-jet and laser printer.
c. Line printer: it is high speed impact printer that prints an entire line at a time, the speed of a line printer is measured by the number of lines per minutes (IPM). Line printers are often used with mainframes, minicomputers, or with a network in applications such as manufacturing, distribution, or shipping.
d. Ink-jet printer: it is non-impact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers can produce letter-quality text and graphics in both black and white and colors. It measure in dots per inch (DPI). The speed is measured in lines per minutes (LPM).
1. It are generally quiet.
2. It can produce high quality color output.
1. It are required to produce high quality color output.
2. The ink cartridges and specialized papers are expensive.
3. The ink may smear when printed on ordinary paper.
e. Laser printer: laser printer works is similar to a photocopier. It also known as page printers. A laser beam is a concentrated beam of light (fine ray). The beam can be made so small that is capable of micro-scoping precision. The main features of laser light source is that, it can be controlled by digitized information send from a computer. A laser printer employs six basic steps of charging, exposer, development, transfer, fixing and cleaning.
Charging: the image carrier is a photoconductive surface like selenium coated drum, zinc oxide, cadmium sulphide. The photoconductive material should be capable or retain electric charge in darkness. The photoconductive material is charged electrostatically through coronas discharged.
Exposure: the exposure unit receive digitized character or graphic information from a computer. Based on the information, the image generation unit cause the laser light beam to pulsate on exposure the required dot matrix image so formed on to the photoconductive drum.
Development: toner is applied to the drum during development. To toner is capable of receiving an electrical charge because it is electric attraction which transfer the toner to the photoconductor and final printing paper surface. Resin is needed to make the toner adhere to paper after transfer. Toner is oppositely charged with that of drum and ding to the drum only to charged image area.
Transfer: during transfer a piece of paper is passed close to the drum. The paper is give a charge of the same type as the drum. But, the charge placed on the paper is stronger than charged placed on the drum. The stronger charged on paper attract the toner from the drum to the paper, transferring the toner image.
Fixing: the toner must be fixed so that it will adhere permanently to the paper. Toner are heat set and offix by passing the paper under heat lamp of heat roller that cause toner to melt and combined with the paper through absorption.
Cleaning: the last essential steps is cleaning the photo-conductor. If the photo-conductor were not perfectly clean between each image printed, small toner particles could remain on the photoconductor surface which would be transfer to the next sheet printer.
1. It are generally quiet and fast.
2. It cost per page of toner cartridges is lower than other printers.
1. Laser printers is high cost.
f. Plotter: it that generates high-quality documents by moving ink pens over the surface of a page. It useful to engineers and architects, as they produce high-quality blue prints, maps and floor plans. It two basic types of plotters are (1) pens plotter, (2) x-y plotters.
1. Can print on large printers.
2. High quality printing.
Selection the appropriate printer:
1. Cost
2. Speed
3. Print quality
4. Ability to print graphics.
5. Ability to produce text and graphics in color.
6. Ability to produce multiple copies.