“Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success.”
Packaging Technology
BASIC OF PACKAGING
Definition: Packaging is a techno-economic function aimed at minimizing costs of delivery while maximizing sales. It can be as a product made from any material such as paper, glass, plastic, aluminum and wood that is used for containment, protection, Information, identification, handling, delivery and presentation fog gods from raw to processed goods.
History: Although paper was made is china as early as 200BC, commercial production of paper started only about 1300 AD in the western countries. The principal packaging material until about 1200AD was not paper but were leather, cloth, wood, glass, metal and grass. Paper and paper product later becomes the principal packaging medium. Today this is the age of the plastics.
By the end of the 19th century, the industrial revolution had created a high level of productivity and mass transportation means for moving products to the customer.
Some historical events in the development of packaging:
Function of packaging: it are divided into primary, secondary, tertiary, function. In contrast with primary function which primarily concern the technical nature of the packaging and secondary function relate to communication. It are divided into the following sub-functions:
1. Primary function:
a. Protection function: it protect from environment. The inward protective function from climate conditions, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and solar radiation.
The outward protection provided by the packaging must prevent any environment degradation by the goods. This requirement is of particular significance in the transport of hazardous materials with protection of human beings of primary important.
b. Storage function: the packaging materials and containers required for producing packages must be stored and many different locations both before packaging of the goods and once the package contents have been used.
c. Loading and transport function: convenient goods handling entails designing transport packaging in such a manner that it may be hold, lifted, moved, set down and stowed easily, efficiently and safely.
2. Secondary functions:
a. Sales function: the purples of the sales function of a package is to enable or promote the sales process and to make it more efficient.
b. Promotional function: promotional material placed on the packaging is intended to attract the potential purchaser’s attention and to have a positive impact upon the purchasing decision. It is directly addressed to the consumer.
c. Service function: the various items of information printed on packaging the consumer with details about the contents and use of particular product. Examples are the nutritional details or dosage information on medicines.
3. Tertiary function:
a. Additional function: it relates to the extent to which the packaging materials or packaging containers may be reused once the package contents have been used.
Purpose of packaging: with the increased importance placed on self-service marketing, the role of packaging is becoming quite significant should it include quality, safety, distinction, affordability, convenience, or aesthetic beauty?
1. Appearance: the appearance of a package is important from many angles and this aspect gains greater and greater important with the growing super-markets and cash carry system of marketing distribution.
a. Identify the product throughout the distribution channel.
b. Carry instruction for use and disposal.
c. Carry information about contents and satisfy legal requirements.
d. Act as an import and sales aid.
The appearance of a package is dependent on shape and surface decoration. While shape relates to the mechanical aspect providing a physical contribution, surface decoration is mainly a marketing tool.
2. Protection: protection is normally required from environmental and physical hazards.
3. Transport: to easily and safely move the product from the manufacturer perhaps to a warehouse then to the retailer and finally, to the consumer.
4. Information transmission: packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or when completed and or needed.
5. Display: to attractively display, to sell (a marketing tool). Size, cost, colors, brands, illustrations, and shape are all considered for display. As this country changed from the sales person mode to self-service, the package was needed to inform and sell the product.
6. Odor and flavor contamination: packaging should keep away external odor reaching the content of the packet, retaining at the same time the flavor of the product packaged, or in other words a package should be an effective odor barrier.
7. Shelf life: shelf life is the time after production and packaging that a product remains acceptable under defined environmental conditions. It is a function of the product, the package and the environment through which the product is transported, stored, and sold.
Factors affective shelf life:
1. Product: nature, shape and size of the product affect its shelf life.
2. Packaging: nature or types of packaging material and packaging process and same special treatment given to the packaging material like increasing, or transmission rate and making it moisture proof.
3. Storage method: store in specified temperature.
4. Handling:
Types of packaging: There are three types of packaging, depending on use. The container that directly holds the product is the primary packaging. That may be a can bottle, jar, tube, carton, drum etc.
Any outer wrappings that help to store transport inform display and protect the product are secondary packaging. The decorated carton or gift boxes are common examples.
Lastly, tertiary packaging is the grouping is the grouping of product for storage and transportation. The corrugated, brown carton is the most familiar. Large pallets of shrink-wrapped boxes are a common ware house sight reflecting tertiary packaging.
The main packaging material included in the regulations are:
1. Paper/fibre-board.
2. Plastic.
3. Glass.
4. Steel.
5. Aluminum: wood packaging and packaging made from other materials (for examples hessian, jute, cork, ceramics and so on) are also included.
PACKAGING DESIGN
1. Consumer research and sales promotion through package design:
a. The type of product that is to be packaged.
b. The cost of product.
c. The amount of handling the product has to go through.
d. Packaging should be such that it should facilitate handling.
e. Its ability to be reused. Ex- drinks served in bottles.
f. Its ability to be disposed.
g. Its effect on environment care should be taken that packaging material should riot harm the environment.
Product life cycle: a new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. This sequence is known of the product life cycle and is associated with changes in the marketing situation, thus impacting the marketing strategy and the marketing mix.
1. Introduction stage: the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for the product.
a. Product: product branding and quality level is established and intellectual property protection such as patents and trademarks are obtained.
b. Pricing: pricing may be low penetration pricing to build market, share rapidly or high skim pricing to recover development costs.
c. Distribution: it is selective until consumers show acceptance of the product.
d. Promotion: it aimed at innovation and adaptors. Marketing communications seeks to build product awareness and to educate potential consumers about the product.
2. Growth stage: the firm seeks to build brands preference and increase market share.
a. Product: quality is maintained and additional features and support services may be added.
b. Pricing: is maintained as the firm enjoys increasing demand with little competition.
c. Distribution: channels are added as demand increases and customers accept the product.
d. Promotion: is aimed at a broader audience.
3. Maturity stage: the strong growth is sales diminishes, competitions may appear with similar products. The primary objective at this point is to defend market share while maximum profit.
a. Product: feature may be enhanced to differentiate the product from that of competitors.
b. Pricing: may be lower because of the new competition.
c. Distribution: becomes more intensive and incentives may be offered to encourage preference over competing product.
d. Promotion: emphasizes product differentiation.
4. Decline stage: the firm has several options.
a. Product: maintain the product, and adding new features and finding new uses.
b. Pricing: harvest product-reduce costs and continue to offer it, possibly to a loyal niche segment.
c. Distribution: discontinue the product, liquidating remaining inventory of selling it to another firm that is willing to continue the product.
The marketing mix decisions in the decline phase will depend on the selected strategy. For ex- the product may be changed if it is being rejuvenated, or left unchanged if it is being harvested or liquidated.
PLC: watching recorded television.
1. Introduction: 3D TVS.
2. Growth: blueray discs / DVR.
3. Maturity: DVD.
4. Decline: video cassette.
2. Explain factors influencing good packaged design:
Types of packaging: two types
a. Consumer oriented packaging in which packaging is designed for consumer convenience and appear marketing considerations and display.
b. Logistic oriented industrial packaging focuses on the handling convenience and protection during transportation material handling and storage.
Industrial packaging is performed in four stage:
a. First stage is packaging the product itself, for ex- soft drinks are packaged in cans.
b. Second stage is called master cartons- the product are packed in larger carton.
c. The third stage is that of formation of unit load- here the master cartons are consolidated into a single, large unit to facilitate handling, transportation, protection and storage. This process may involve palletization, where the master carton are mounted into a standard size rigid platform.
d. The fourth stage is called containerization- here the unit loads are placed in rigid contains for protection and handling facilitation. Containerization helps in improving the efficiency in transportation transfer, across vehicles and safe guarding from theft.
Factors influencing package design:
1. Product assessment:
a. Nature of the product.
b. It physical state.
c. Shape and size.
d. Its weight and density.
e. Its weakness- which part will break, bend, move.
f. Its strength: which part will stand Hard.
g. The effect of moisture, temperature change in the product.
h. Interaction with the pack or surroundings.
2. Hazard distribution: during transportation hazard.
a. Types of transport.
b. Form of transport.
c. The mechanical condition and duration of storage.
d. The nature and intensity of mechanical and climatic hazard in transport storage, retailing and use.
e. Weather handling aids are available for loading and off-loading at all points.
3. Marketing requirement:
4. Package and the image: the package projects the image not only of the importance but often also the company.
5. Packaging and self-service: the designer must ensure that a pack at the point of sale has the type of appeal which will make customer pick it up.
6. The package and the price of product: lowest possible price.
3. Surface design: package design involves the selection of materials and their use for packaging in the most cost effective way to provide the best end result. One can consider the package design related to the shape or structure of package.
Nature of material for packaging:
Machine considerations: material are always going to be converted into a pack of some sort, either one that is supplied in a readymade form or one which may be produced in-line or the material are selected to filling machine of which the most frequently seen are form fill-seal types from flexible packaging and cartons made from cartons board reels or pre-cut blanks.
1. Make all legal requirements.
2. Make economical use of material.
3. Fully protect the contents.
4. Be no larger than strictly necessary.
5. Have no interaction between pack and content.
6. Environment friendly.
7. Convenient in use.
8. Present all required information.
Factors influencing the design/ selection of package:
a. Product:
1. Product for consumer/industrial etc.
2. Physical state (solid/ liquid/ powder/ weight/ volume/ shape/ rigidity/ stability/ fragility/ surface film).
3. Content (vulnerabilities of contact).
b. Distribution: destination type of handling types of transport type of storage, atmospheric conditions making of goods it dangerous, degree of production needs from after environment hazard drop.
c. Marketing: type of consumer, sex, age, income, social, level customer, buying habit, location of market, consumer convenient in handling product, product apperance, color, size, language, disposability.
d. Statutory and regulation:
1. Standards of weights and measures.
2. Marking of MRP.
3. Safety points and consumer protection.
4. Legislation of importing countries.
e. Packaging operations: time factor, convenience factors, versatility, growth factor, consideration on seasons.
f. Cost factors: design cost, quality control cost, transportation and storage, operations cost, labour and overhead, maintenance and depreciation of machinery, loss and damage cost.
UNIT-2
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY
Corrugation board: resists mechanical impact, increase the time of impulsive forces.
Wood: wood pulp (sulphate process – corrugated board).
Components of corrugated board
a. Liner
b. Fluting
c. Adhesive
The process of running reels of paper into corrugated board is complex process the basic process is to take fluting paper, give it its characteristics wave formation, then stick it to one liner, at a later point in the machine the second liner is applied to fluting, giving to a finished pieces of corrugated board it is than curved cut into the required sizes.
Reel stand of the corrugators hold two reels of paper that are used to product corrugated board. There is at least one reel stand per liner and fluting a corrugated board.
Single facer could be considering the heart of corrugators in this section of the machine the actual wave formation of fluting paper is formed, and bonded to one liner surface among single face paper. Single face that has one liner and one fluting formation. Fluting paper is fed into the single facer from fluting reel stand. The paper passes through a set of corrugated rolls which are like two toothed roller. These rollers form and set the fluting paper into characteristic wave shape. At the same time, from the opposite side of the single facer, the inner of corrugated board is being fed into single facer forming reel stand.
a. Liner: craft paper of above 80 gsm up to 225 gsm is used preferably. The outermost liner used for a box should be of maximum grammage. Their function are.
1. Resist hazard like punter, burst, abrasion tear etc.
2. Properly hold the fluting medium when one combines.
3. Resists moisture or water either outsider or inside depending on the nature of product to the packed.
4. Be amicable for printing.
Water proof paper such as btumen coated, wax coated are also used for liner.
b. Fluting: paper obtained from semi-chemical pulp process are used which proved the good rigidity to the board. Its function are to:-
1. Provide necessary cushioning desired.
2. Provide rigidity to board.
3. Contribute to resistance to bending under stress.
The grammage of fluting medium may be in the region 80-150gsm.
c. Adhesive:
1. Usually starch based adhesive are used for joining the outer liner.
2. Sodium silicate are also used.
Classification: board consisting of one or more shades of fluted paper struck to a flat sheet of paper or board between several liners usually craft, this has following:
a. Single face corrugated
b. 3-ply corrugated
c. 5-ply corrugated
d. 7-ply corrugated
Metal:
a. Used in manufacturing all kinds of containers like that of tin and aluminum.
b. Extra rigidity.
c. Highest strength.
d. Non-toxic.
e. Whiteness and shiny.
f. Printable.
g. Deformable to desirable extent.
Limitation:
a. Heavy In weight.
b. Comparatively costlier.
c. Formation is difficult.
1. Tin: it is easy to melt, and it mix with copper to make bronze. It is used for cans.
Properties: tin is an element with symbols Sn (stannum), and atomic number 50. It is obtained from the mineral causiterite, where it is occurs as tin dioxide SnO2. The melting point of 231.9681C, specify gravity (gray) of 5.75 or (white) 7.31.
a. Tin is a white metal at room temperature.
b. Tin is soft.
c. Tin is highly corrosion-resistant and fantigue-resistance.
d. Tin is non-toxic.
e. Tin is highly malleable (able to be shaped).
f. Tin alloys easily with other metals.
g. Tin has a low melting point (232C).
h. Tin is easy to recycle).
Uses: tin plate about 50% of tin is used as tinplate for canned foods and drinks, where steel cans are coated with tin to make them rust-resistance, more attractive, and more easily shaped and soldered. Steel alone would rust, and tin alone would be too soft and too expensive.
Solder about 30% of tin is used as a tin-lead solder in electronic parts, pluming, machinery and cars.
Bronze on alloy of copper and tin-used for statues bearing in car engines and heavy machinery, and musical instruments such as bells, symbols and gongs.
Tin oxide is used as a white glaze on pottery (including title) or glass where ware, and can be colored with other metal oxides, plate glass is made by floating molten glass on a bath of molten tin while it solidifies, giving the glass a very flat and polished surface.
This silvery, malleable post-transition metal not easily oxidized in air and issued to coat other metal to prevent corrosion. Another large application for tin is corrosion tin plating of steel.
Because of its low toxicity, tin plated metal is also used for food packaging, giving the name to tin cane which are made mostly of steel. Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.
2. Aluminum: it is second most widely used metal in the world. It is low weight, high strength, superior malleability, easy machining, excellent corrosion resistance and good thermal and electrical conductivity are amongst aluminum’s most important properties.
Background: physically, chemically and mechanically aluminum is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead or titanium.
Light weight: it is very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7g/cm3, about a third that of steel.
Corrosion resistance: aluminum naturally generates a protective oxide coating and is highly corrosion resistant.
Electrical and thermal conductivity: aluminum is an excellent heat and electricity conductor and in relation to its weight is almost twice as good as conductor as copper.
Reflectivity: aluminum is a good reflector of visible light as well as heat.
Ductility: aluminum is ductile and has a low melting point and density.
Impermeable and odorless: aluminum foil, even when it is rolled to only 0.007mm thickness.
Recyclability: aluminum is 100 percent recyclable with no downgrading of its quantities.
Non-magnetic: it has non-magnetic properties.
Non-toxic: aluminum is essentially non-toxic and it is used in cooking tencils without any harmful effect on the body.
It is self-heating and self-cooling can are produced.
Metal in packaging
Metals are widely used in the packaging industry for manufacturing all types of containers and other application to food industry. The material in regular use are- tin plates. Aluminum and black plate.
a. Aluminum foil: aluminum in the form of heat seal laminated foil has found extensive application in the packaging of pharmaceutical tablets. It can be classified into two group namely---
1. Foil coated with thermoplastic synthetic resinous compounds.
2. Foil coated with or laminated to thermoplastic film.
Film laminated to polyethylene has the advantage of offering double protection that form aluminum foil and for polyethylene because of its good heat seal properties polyethylene is generally used as the innermost layer to produce what is called a weld seal. Reverse printed cellulose acetate laminated to foil offer the advantage of a scuff resistance.
Flexible packaging material commonly used for bakery products can be classified as—
1. Natural cellulose: based such as paper and cellulose. Glossing grease proof paper.
2. Synthetic polymeric based materials such as low and high density polyethylene, polypropylene and their laminated.
3. Metal foil: based aluminum foil laminates and metalized polyester or poly-laminates.
4. Laminated of above 3 group packaging material depending upon their end used.
b. Foils: metal foil is an old packaging material with many new used. It is low made almost exclusively of aluminum through used as laminated or liner for a variety of purpose. It’s is main sphere is still in the production of food being completely moisture and odor proof. Foils makes an excellent container for dehyolraded foods. The principal characteristic which recommend aluminum foils for various packaging application are—
1. It is impervious to moisture and gases.
2. Insect proof.
3. Grease proof.
4. Shrink proof.
5. Non-absorptive, odorless and tasteless.
6. It is hygienic, non-toxic, resistance to corrosion and non-ageing.
Foils are strong folds neatly with precision and easily handled on machine. Foils combined with non-metallic sheets varying from heavy paper board to thin transparent. Cellulose or polythene sheeting offer a large range of container or wrapping to the packaging industry.
Common Formats of Metal Cans
Metal cans are widely used for food, beverages, and industrial products. Their design is based on number of pieces and manufacturing method.
A. Three-Piece Can
1. Cylindrical body (made from sheet metal, body is welded)
2. Top end (lid)
3. Bottom end (base)
B. Two-Piece Can
1. Body and bottom are drawn from a single metal piece
2. Top end (lid) is separate
Manufacturing of Welded Cans
Welded cans involve joining the side seam by welding, mostly used in three-piece cans.
A. Three-Piece Welded Cans
1. Sheet metal is rolled into a cylinder
2. Side seam is welded (electric resistance welding, ERW)
3. Ends (top and bottom) are seamed separately
B. Two-Piece Single Drawn Cans
1. A metal blank is drawn into a shallow cup shape
2. Height equals the radius (low aspect ratio)
3. No side seam is required
C. Two-Piece Multiple Drawn Cans
1. Blank is drawn multiple times to achieve taller, narrow cans
2. Each drawing reduces the diameter and increases height
3. No welding required
D. Two-Piece Drawn and Wall Ironed (DWI) Cans
1. Drawn into a cup shape
2. Wall is ironed through rollers to thin the walls and increase height
3. Bottom is thicker; top edge is thicker for lid seaming
E. Two-Piece Impact Extruded Cans
1. A metal slug is forged or extruded using impact press into a can shape
2. Smooth, seamless walls
3. Often aluminum or soft metals
UNIT-3
Introduction to Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Packaging
Packaging is a critical part of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals because it:
Cosmetic Packaging focuses on attractiveness, user convenience, and preservation.
Pharmaceutical Packaging focuses on protection, safety, and dosage accuracy.
Packaging of Pharmaceutical Products
Pharmaceutical packaging ensures product integrity, patient safety, and regulatory compliance.
Types of Pharmaceutical Packaging
1. Primary Packaging
2. Secondary Packaging
3. Tertiary Packaging
Classification of Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical products can be classified based on dosage form and route of administration:
Key Considerations in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Packaging
1. Material Selection
2. Regulatory Compliance
3. Product Stability
4. Consumer Convenience
5. Sustainability
Glass: glass is so much a part of our daily life that we cannot imagine living without it.
Three main component for glass making:
a. Viz silica sand (SiO2).
b. Soda ash (Na2CO3).
c. Lime (CaCO3).
Properties of glass:
a. Chemically insert: it has no inherent power of action, and this property enables the packaging of products without any danger of reaction or spoilage.
b. Non-permeable: glass does not allow gases, odor Vapours and liquids to pass through its walls.
c. Transparents: you can see what you pack in glass.
d. Moldable: glass containers can be molded easily in any shapes or size ranging from a tiny vial to a 13- gallon carboy.
e. Strength: the ultimate strength of glass is very high.
f. Light weight: glass is as light as aluminum roughly one-third the weight of steel or of a density 2 ½ time than of water.
g. Unlimited supply: glass containers can cater to an unlimited market.
Types of glass: in the US, British, German, Swiss and Indian pharmacopoeias, tests have been laid down to establish the properties of different type glass for use in the packaging of pharmaceuticals. The quality of glass is expressed in terms of its resistance to acid or alkali attack based on this, the three universally accepted standard are-
Type 3: all soda lime glasses are mainly type 3 and the limit of alkalinity prescribed for this glass is 8.5 ml of 1.2N acid. In the British, pharmacopoeia, there is a less alkaline glass prescribed as BP58.
Type 2: it is same as type 3, but the inside of the glass container is coated at the time o manufacture, usually with sulphur which coating de-alkalises the inside surface to obtain improvement in its chemical resistance.
Type 1: this is borosilicate glass, which has the added properly of almost complete neutrality, because of the utility large proportion of borax that comprises this glass, it is harder a more expensive to make than the ordinary soda lime glass, and it is principally used for injectibles and transfusions.
The limit of alkalinity here is 1.0 of 0.2N acid.
Many glass products serve the packaging needs of the pharmaceutical, Diary, liquor, varies food products, soft drinks, cosmetics, chemicals, inks and other industries.
Thinner, lighter and less expensive glass bottles are coming into use.
Advantage: the glass container will receive any product whether it is not or cold, without vacuum, sterilized or processed. The glass container does not taint, pollute or affect the quality of its contents. It has high shelf-life.
Glass is an amorphous, non-crystalline solid primarily made from silica (SiO₂) with additives to modify properties.
1. Silica sand (SiO₂) – primary glass-forming material
2. Soda (Na₂CO₃) – lowers melting point
3. Lime (CaCO₃) – improves chemical durability
4. Alumina, magnesia, and other oxides – adjust properties like strength and thermal stability
5. Coloring agents – oxides of cobalt, iron, chromium, etc. for colored glass
1. Batching – Weighing and mixing raw materials in proper proportions
2. Melting – Heating the batch in a furnace (~1400–1600°C) to form molten glass
3. Fining – Removing bubbles and impurities from molten glass
4. Conditioning / Homogenization – Ensuring uniform composition and temperature for forming
Glass can be classified based on composition, usage, and properties:
Type
Composition / Characteristics
Applications
Soda-Lime Glass
SiO₂ + Na₂O + CaO
Bottles, jars, windows
Borosilicate Glass
SiO₂ + B₂O₃ + Na₂O
Laboratory glassware, heat-resistant containers
Lead Glass / Crystal Glass
SiO₂ + PbO
Decorative glass, optical lenses
Aluminosilicate Glass
SiO₂ + Al₂O₃
Electronics, high-strength containers
Colored Glass
Addition of metal oxides
Beverage bottles, decorative items
Tempered / Safety Glass
Heat-treated soda-lime
Automotive, safety applications
Glass containers like bottles, jars, and vials are made by forming molten glass into the desired shape.
1. Blow and Blow Process (for narrow-neck containers like bottles)
2. Press and Blow Process (for jars and wide-mouth containers)
3. Other Techniques:
Glass containers must meet mechanical, thermal, and chemical standards for safety and quality.
Test
Purpose / Description
Visual Inspection
Check for cracks, bubbles, stones, seeds, or defects
Dimensional Check
Measure height, diameter, neck finish, and wall thickness
Strength / Pressure Test
Determine resistance to internal pressure or mechanical stress
Thermal Shock Test
Check ability to withstand sudden temperature changes
Chemical Resistance Test
Immersion in acidic or alkaline solutions to test leaching or corrosion
Impact / Drop Test
Evaluate toughness and breakage resistance
Vacuum / Leak Test
For bottles intended for packaging liquids under vacuum or pressure
UNIT-4
Modern packaging has evolved beyond traditional containment and protection to include active and intelligent functionalities:
These are particularly important in food, pharmaceuticals, and sensitive products where freshness, safety, and traceability are critical.
Active packaging is designed to interact chemically or biologically with the contents or surrounding environment.
1. Oxygen Scavengers
2. Moisture Regulators / Desiccants
3. Ethylene Scavengers
4. Antimicrobial Packaging
5. Carbon Dioxide Emitters
6. Temperature-Control Packaging
Intelligent packaging is designed to detect, record, or communicate information about the product or environment.
1. Time-Temperature Indicators (TTI)
2. Freshness Indicators
3. RFID and NFC Tags
4. Barcodes / QR Codes with Sensor Data
5. Leak and Damage Indicators
1. Benefits for Consumers
2. Challenges / Considerations
SPECIAL PACKAGING
Aerosols: an integral ready to use packages in corporating a valve and product which is dispensed by preferred pressure in a controlled manner when the valve is operated.
Type of pressurized packages: aerosols to dispense a large number of products in containers commonly ranging from 3ml to just under a litre. Liquid sprays are the most common but there are solid-liquid dispensers for special purpose and to triggerated type valves for dispensing. Tooth paste about 80 to 85% of aerosol product sprays. They can also be used for foams, liquid streams, pastes, liquid powder and sprays and gas powder sprays interning quantities from 0.05 to 5gm are also possible.
Component:
1. Caps: a removable protective cover over the valve actuator, located in such a manner as to prevent an accidental operation of the valve. It can perform two functions. (1) It protect the valve form damage. (2) Caps often have orinfiece of the valve built in together with either a locking device to prevent accidental operation.
2. Valve: a mechanical device, the operation of which permits the controlled emissions of the product from the aerosols in a predetermined manner. It is incorporated into an actuator button and may take a variety of forms. It can consists of a single hole of closely controlled dimension in a plastic molding or molding and machined parts are locked together depressing the button uncover the holes and connects the interior of the container to the atmosphere. The moisturized material inside is thus released.
3. Container: metal, glass and plastic have been used for pressurized container and each has its place. Aluminum cans while more expensive than tin plate cans have the advantage of seamless construction and hence the possibility of cell around decoration.
4. Propellent: a material which provides the power to eject the contents various gases have been used and infact the soda water siphon is an example of a pressurized pack. Compressed gases have the disadvantage that whilst they provide an internal pressure in the containers, this stands to diminish as the container empties. The compressed gases which have been for carbon-dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen. The use of the buttons as propellant is becoming wide spread and blends of theses with propane are made in order to control the vapour pressure.
The selection of a propallents depends upon a no. of factors such as---
a. Spray characteristics.
b. Valve
c. Viscosity of product.
d. Nature of product
e. Cost.
5. Product: anything that can be made up into a liquid or paste form can be dispensed by this method.
BLISTER PACKAGING: Blister means a bubble like form which to save the product in transport, retailing etc. blister pack is a mode of semi rigid. A blister pack is a combined construction of heat from bubble or blister which is usually shaped to follow. The shape of contour of the articles being container, sealed to a suitable backing card which may be either printed or non-printed. In blister packaging the mold is brought into contact with plasticized PVC film and other materials which is used in blister packaging. The PVC films form blister of required sized and shapes by vacuum forming. The product is then but in these blister and stacked to pre-printed, and pre-laminated adhesive coated card or a separate sealing machine.
The blister packs are ideal for point of sale promotion and have tremendous sale appeal as the product can be seen through the blister pack. The blister packs are sale, crush proof and hygienic. They also eliminate moisture absorption and reduce water vapour transmission rate.
These are designed initially as preventive package to combat pilferage in our modern s/s of open store selling. Easy opening, dispensing, re-use and since its card backing offers scope for promotion.
Material used in blister packaging.
1. Polyvinyl chloride.
2. Cellulose acetate.
3. BOPS (bi-axially oriented polystyrene).
4. Cellulose propionate etc.
Blister packs comprise of two principle components.
A formed base web creating the cavity inside which the product fits.
The lidding foil for dispensing the product out the pack.
There are two types of forming the cavity into a base web sheet thermoforming and cold forming.
1. Thermoforming: in case of thermoforming a plastic film or sheet is unwanted from the reel and guided through a pre-heating station on the blister line. (a form fill-seal process means that the blister pack is created from rolls of flute sheet of film, filled with the pharmaeceutical product and closed (sealed) on the same equipment such equipment is called blister-line).
The temperature of the pre-heating plates (appear and lower plates) is such that the plastic will soften and become moldable. The warm plastic will then arrive in a forming station where large pressure (4 to 8 bars) will form the blister cavity into a negative mold. The mold is cooled such that the plastic becomes rigid again and maintains its shape when removed from the mold in case of difficult shapes, the warm film will be physically pushed down partially into the cavity by a plug assist feature.
2. Cold forming: in the case of cold forming an aluminum base laminate film starch, passed into a molecule means of stamp. The aluminum will be alongated and maintain the shape, in the industry these blister are called cold form foil (CCF) blister. The principle advantage of cold form foil blister is that the use of aluminum is offering a near completer barrier for water and oxygen, allowing an extended product expiry date.
The principal disadvantages of CFF blisters are: the slower speed of production compared to thermoforming: the lack of transparency of the package (a therapy compliance disadvantage) and the larger size of the blister card (aluminum cannot be formed with near 90 degree angels).
Advantages:-
a. Greater product production at a reduced cost.
b. Aesthetic appeal and visual identification.
c. Prevent contamination by dust or dirt.